PPT: Early States | Social Studies & Pedagogy Paper 2 for CTET & TET Exams - CTET & State TET PDF Download

 Page 1


Early States
Page 2


Early States
Janapadas: The First Settlements
1
Origins
' Janapada' means 
'land where jana set 
foot and settled'. Kings 
who performed big 
sacrifices were 
recognized as rulers.
2
Archaeological 
Evidence
Settlements found at 
Purana Qila, 
Hastinapura, and 
Atranjikhera. People 
lived in huts and kept 
cattle.
3
Iron Age Beginnings
Coincided with Iron Age in India. Painted grey ware 
vessels were used for special occasions.
Page 3


Early States
Janapadas: The First Settlements
1
Origins
' Janapada' means 
'land where jana set 
foot and settled'. Kings 
who performed big 
sacrifices were 
recognized as rulers.
2
Archaeological 
Evidence
Settlements found at 
Purana Qila, 
Hastinapura, and 
Atranjikhera. People 
lived in huts and kept 
cattle.
3
Iron Age Beginnings
Coincided with Iron Age in India. Painted grey ware 
vessels were used for special occasions.
Rise of Mahajanapadas
Fortified Cities
About 2500 years ago, 
some Janapadas 
became Mahajanapadas 
with fortified capital 
cities.
Purpose of Fortification
Forts protected from 
attacks, displayed 
power, and helped kings 
control people within 
walls.
Military Development
Kings maintained armies year-round. Soldiers received 
regular salaries, sometimes paid with punch marked 
coins.
Page 4


Early States
Janapadas: The First Settlements
1
Origins
' Janapada' means 
'land where jana set 
foot and settled'. Kings 
who performed big 
sacrifices were 
recognized as rulers.
2
Archaeological 
Evidence
Settlements found at 
Purana Qila, 
Hastinapura, and 
Atranjikhera. People 
lived in huts and kept 
cattle.
3
Iron Age Beginnings
Coincided with Iron Age in India. Painted grey ware 
vessels were used for special occasions.
Rise of Mahajanapadas
Fortified Cities
About 2500 years ago, 
some Janapadas 
became Mahajanapadas 
with fortified capital 
cities.
Purpose of Fortification
Forts protected from 
attacks, displayed 
power, and helped kings 
control people within 
walls.
Military Development
Kings maintained armies year-round. Soldiers received 
regular salaries, sometimes paid with punch marked 
coins.
M a h a j a n a p a d a s
Page 5


Early States
Janapadas: The First Settlements
1
Origins
' Janapada' means 
'land where jana set 
foot and settled'. Kings 
who performed big 
sacrifices were 
recognized as rulers.
2
Archaeological 
Evidence
Settlements found at 
Purana Qila, 
Hastinapura, and 
Atranjikhera. People 
lived in huts and kept 
cattle.
3
Iron Age Beginnings
Coincided with Iron Age in India. Painted grey ware 
vessels were used for special occasions.
Rise of Mahajanapadas
Fortified Cities
About 2500 years ago, 
some Janapadas 
became Mahajanapadas 
with fortified capital 
cities.
Purpose of Fortification
Forts protected from 
attacks, displayed 
power, and helped kings 
control people within 
walls.
Military Development
Kings maintained armies year-round. Soldiers received 
regular salaries, sometimes paid with punch marked 
coins.
M a h a j a n a p a d a s
Taxation and Agriculture
Tax Collection
Rulers needed resources for forts and 
armies. Officials collected taxes from 
various groups.
Crops: 1/6th as bhaga
Craftspeople: monthly labor
Herders: animals and produce
Agricultural Innovations
Iron ploughshares turned heavy soil better 
than wooden ones. Grain production 
increased significantly.
Paddy transplantation replaced 
scattering
More plants survived, increasing yields
Slaves and laborers did the difficult 
work