PPT: Electricity and Magnetic Effect of Current | Science & Pedagogy Paper 2 for CTET & TET Exams - CTET & State TET PDF Download

 Page 1


Electricity and 
Magnetic Effect 
of Current
Page 2


Electricity and 
Magnetic Effect 
of Current
Electric Charges and Their 
Properties
Nature of Charges
Charges exist as positive or negative. Like charges repel; unlike 
charges attract. This principle governs all electrical interactions.
Coulomb's Law
Electric force between charged particles equals the product of 
charges (q1, q2) divided by distance squared (r²): F = k q1.q2/r²
Measurement
The SI unit is Coulomb (C). 1C = 6.24 × 10¹x electrons. 1 ampere 
equals 1 coulomb flowing per second.
Page 3


Electricity and 
Magnetic Effect 
of Current
Electric Charges and Their 
Properties
Nature of Charges
Charges exist as positive or negative. Like charges repel; unlike 
charges attract. This principle governs all electrical interactions.
Coulomb's Law
Electric force between charged particles equals the product of 
charges (q1, q2) divided by distance squared (r²): F = k q1.q2/r²
Measurement
The SI unit is Coulomb (C). 1C = 6.24 × 10¹x electrons. 1 ampere 
equals 1 coulomb flowing per second.
Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors
Conductors
Materials allowing electricity to 
flow freely due to abundant free 
electrons. Examples: copper, 
silver, and most metals.
Insulators
Materials restricting electricity flow 
due to tightly bound electrons. 
Examples: rubber, glass, plastics, 
air, and distilled water.
Semiconductors
Materials with properties between 
conductors and insulators. Silicon 
and germanium are common 
examples used in electronics, with 
controllable conductivity.
Page 4


Electricity and 
Magnetic Effect 
of Current
Electric Charges and Their 
Properties
Nature of Charges
Charges exist as positive or negative. Like charges repel; unlike 
charges attract. This principle governs all electrical interactions.
Coulomb's Law
Electric force between charged particles equals the product of 
charges (q1, q2) divided by distance squared (r²): F = k q1.q2/r²
Measurement
The SI unit is Coulomb (C). 1C = 6.24 × 10¹x electrons. 1 ampere 
equals 1 coulomb flowing per second.
Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors
Conductors
Materials allowing electricity to 
flow freely due to abundant free 
electrons. Examples: copper, 
silver, and most metals.
Insulators
Materials restricting electricity flow 
due to tightly bound electrons. 
Examples: rubber, glass, plastics, 
air, and distilled water.
Semiconductors
Materials with properties between 
conductors and insulators. Silicon 
and germanium are common 
examples used in electronics, with 
controllable conductivity.
Electric Current and Its Types
Electric Current
Flow of electric charge through a 
conductor per unit time. I = q/t. 
Measured in Amperes (A), with 
subdivisions of milliampere (mA) and 
microampere (¿A).
Direct Current (DC)
Current flowing in one direction with 
constant polarity. Generated by 
batteries and solar cells. Has zero 
frequency.
Alternating Current (AC)
Current that periodically changes 
direction. Standard household supply 
(50 Hz). RMS value equals peak value 
divided by :2.
Page 5


Electricity and 
Magnetic Effect 
of Current
Electric Charges and Their 
Properties
Nature of Charges
Charges exist as positive or negative. Like charges repel; unlike 
charges attract. This principle governs all electrical interactions.
Coulomb's Law
Electric force between charged particles equals the product of 
charges (q1, q2) divided by distance squared (r²): F = k q1.q2/r²
Measurement
The SI unit is Coulomb (C). 1C = 6.24 × 10¹x electrons. 1 ampere 
equals 1 coulomb flowing per second.
Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors
Conductors
Materials allowing electricity to 
flow freely due to abundant free 
electrons. Examples: copper, 
silver, and most metals.
Insulators
Materials restricting electricity flow 
due to tightly bound electrons. 
Examples: rubber, glass, plastics, 
air, and distilled water.
Semiconductors
Materials with properties between 
conductors and insulators. Silicon 
and germanium are common 
examples used in electronics, with 
controllable conductivity.
Electric Current and Its Types
Electric Current
Flow of electric charge through a 
conductor per unit time. I = q/t. 
Measured in Amperes (A), with 
subdivisions of milliampere (mA) and 
microampere (¿A).
Direct Current (DC)
Current flowing in one direction with 
constant polarity. Generated by 
batteries and solar cells. Has zero 
frequency.
Alternating Current (AC)
Current that periodically changes 
direction. Standard household supply 
(50 Hz). RMS value equals peak value 
divided by :2.
Electric Potential and 
Potential Difference
1
Electric Potential
Work done to move a 
unit positive charge 
from infinity to a point. 
Measured in volts (V).
2
Potential 
Difference
Work required to move 
unit charge between 
two points. V = W/Q.
3
Role in Circuits
Creates necessary condition for current flow. Batteries 
establish this difference, driving charges through 
conductors.