Introduction:
Valleys have been historically attractive places for human settlements due to several factors. These include availability of fertile land, water resources, natural protection, and accessibility. The poem "Geography Lesson" by Zulfikar Ghose offers insights into the reasons why valleys were populated.

Availability of fertile land:
One of the primary reasons for the settlement of valleys is the presence of fertile land. Valleys are often formed by the deposition of sediment carried by rivers over time. This deposition creates a layer of nutrient-rich soil, making the valleys highly suitable for agriculture. The poem mentions "the green valley" and "the golden harvest," highlighting the fertility of the land.

Water resources:
Valleys are often associated with rivers, streams, or lakes, which provide a reliable source of water for both humans and agriculture. The availability of water is crucial for the survival and growth of any civilization. In the poem, the phrase "the river's mouth" suggests the presence of a river in the valley, further emphasizing the importance of water resources.

Natural protection:
Valleys are often surrounded by hills or mountains, providing a natural defense against external threats. This geographical feature offers protection from harsh weather conditions, hostile groups, or invading forces. The poem mentions "the hills' high wall," indicating the natural protection provided by the surrounding landscape.

Accessibility:
Valleys are typically more accessible compared to mountainous regions. They offer relatively flat terrain, making transportation and communication easier. This accessibility facilitates trade, social interactions, and the exchange of ideas. The poem mentions "the valley's road" and "the winding path," indicating the ease of movement within the valley.

Conclusion:
Valleys have attracted human settlements throughout history due to their fertile land, availability of water resources, natural protection, and accessibility. These factors contribute to the sustainability and growth of civilizations. The poem "Geography Lesson" by Zulfikar Ghose serves as a reminder of the significance of valleys as centers of human habitation.