Introduction:
The Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley civilization, thrived around 2600 to 1900 BCE in the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent. Agriculture played a vital role in the lives of the Harappan people, providing them with sustenance and contributing to their economic and social development. They employed various agricultural techniques that helped them cultivate crops and sustain their civilization.

Agricultural Techniques:

1. Irrigation:
- The Harappans developed sophisticated irrigation systems to ensure an adequate water supply for their crops.
- They constructed elaborate networks of canals and reservoirs to control the flow of water from nearby rivers, such as the Indus River.
- This allowed them to harness water for irrigation, enabling the cultivation of crops even in areas with limited rainfall.

2. Crop Rotation:
- The Harappans practiced crop rotation, a technique where different crops are grown in a sequence on the same plot of land.
- This helped maintain soil fertility by preventing nutrient depletion and reducing the risk of soil-borne diseases.
- By alternating the cultivation of crops, they ensured a sustainable agricultural system that supported their large population.

3. Terracing:
- In hilly regions, the Harappans utilized terracing to create flat areas suitable for farming.
- They built terraces on slopes, which prevented soil erosion and facilitated cultivation on otherwise challenging terrain.
- This technique allowed them to maximize agricultural productivity in areas with uneven topography.

4. Domestication of Animals:
- The Harappans domesticated animals, such as cattle, sheep, and goats, which played a crucial role in their agricultural practices.
- These animals were used for plowing the fields, providing manure for fertilization, and as a source of food and other products.
- The integration of animal husbandry with agriculture helped enhance productivity and sustainability.

5. Storage Facilities:
- The Harappans constructed granaries and storage facilities to store surplus agricultural produce.
- These storage spaces were strategically designed with raised platforms and air vents to protect the stored grains from pests and moisture.
- The ability to store excess crops ensured a stable food supply during times of scarcity or trade disruptions.

Conclusion:
The Harappan people were skilled agriculturists who employed various techniques to sustain their civilization. Their mastery of irrigation, crop rotation, terracing, and animal husbandry allowed them to cultivate crops efficiently, manage water resources, and maintain soil fertility. The construction of storage facilities also ensured food security. These agricultural practices were instrumental in the success and longevity of the Harappan civilization.