Persian Customs Introduced by Balban

Balban, the 9th Sultan of Delhi, introduced several Persian customs during his reign. These customs were primarily aimed at consolidating his power and establishing a centralized monarchy. Two significant Persian customs introduced by Balban were:

1. Paiwand:
The concept of Paiwand, meaning 'connection' or 'attachment,' was introduced by Balban. It involved establishing a close-knit relationship between the Sultan and his nobles. Balban believed that by fostering loyalty and dependence among the nobility, he could prevent them from plotting against him. Under the Paiwand system, the nobles were required to maintain personal contact with the Sultan, seek his permission for important decisions, and present themselves regularly at the royal court. This ensured that the Sultan maintained control over the nobles and minimized the chances of rebellion or insubordination.

2. Saman:
Saman, which means 'attendance' or 'service,' was another Persian custom introduced by Balban. It required the nobles to attend the royal court regularly and offer their services to the Sultan. This practice aimed to enhance the prestige and authority of the Sultan, as well as maintain a direct check on the activities of the nobility. The nobles had to be present at the court and render services, such as military assistance, administration, and advice, whenever required by the Sultan. Saman helped Balban in centralizing power and keeping a close eye on the actions and intentions of the nobles.

Opposition to the Persian Customs

The introduction of Persian customs by Balban faced opposition from certain sections of society. The reasons for this opposition can be attributed to the following factors:

1. Cultural Clash:
The Persian customs introduced by Balban were foreign to the Indian population, which primarily followed indigenous customs and traditions. The imposition of Persian practices was seen as a threat to the local culture and traditions, leading to resistance from the people.

2. Centralization of Power:
Balban's Persian customs were aimed at establishing a centralized monarchy, concentrating power in the hands of the Sultan. This concentration of power undermined the authority of local rulers, feudal lords, and other regional power centers. The opposition to the Persian customs came from those who felt their authority and autonomy were being curtailed.

3. Resistance from the Nobility:
While the Paiwand system aimed to control the nobles, it also faced resistance from some powerful and ambitious nobles who resented being subordinated to the Sultan. The nobles who were used to exercising considerable autonomy and power in their respective territories were reluctant to accept the centralized authority imposed by Balban.

In conclusion, Balban introduced Persian customs such as Paiwand and Saman to consolidate his power and establish a centralized monarchy. However, these customs faced opposition from the local population due to cultural differences and fears of losing autonomy. The nobility, too, resisted these customs as they challenged their traditional power and authority.