Horizons differ from each other in:
There are several factors that can differentiate one horizon from another. These factors include color, depth, and chemical composition. Let's discuss each of these factors in detail.

Color:
The color of a horizon can vary depending on its composition and the presence of certain minerals or organic matter. For example, a horizon with a high amount of organic matter may appear dark or black in color, while a horizon with a high iron content may appear reddish or yellowish. Conversely, a horizon with a low organic matter content may appear lighter or more pale in color. Therefore, color can be used as an identifying characteristic to differentiate between different horizons.

Depth:
The depth of a horizon refers to how far it extends into the soil profile. Different horizons can have different depths, depending on factors such as weathering, erosion, and deposition. For example, the topmost horizon, known as the O horizon or organic horizon, is usually relatively shallow compared to the underlying horizons. In contrast, the B horizon, also known as the subsoil, is commonly deeper and can extend several meters below the surface. The depth of a horizon can provide information about the processes that have occurred in the soil, as well as the types of materials that are present.

Chemical Composition:
The chemical composition of a horizon refers to the types and amounts of minerals, nutrients, and other substances present in the soil. Different horizons can have distinct chemical compositions, which can influence their properties and functions. For example, the A horizon, also known as the topsoil, is typically rich in organic matter and nutrients, making it suitable for plant growth. In contrast, the C horizon, or parent material, may have a different chemical composition, as it is composed of weathered bedrock or other materials from which the soil is formed. Understanding the chemical composition of different horizons is important for assessing soil fertility, nutrient availability, and overall soil health.

Conclusion:
In summary, horizons differ from each other in terms of color, depth, and chemical composition. These characteristics can provide valuable information about the soil and its properties. By studying and analyzing these factors, scientists and farmers can gain insights into soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and the overall health of the soil ecosystem.