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Dogs are widely employed by the police as biological detection systems to detect the smuggling and storage of drugs. Yet, recent evidence suggests that insects, rather than mammals, may be used more effectively in this capacity. One of the disadvantages of dogs lies in the fact that these animals, like humans, may get bored and lose interest. Other problems may also result from the emotional relationship between a dog and its owner.
Insects, on the other hand, remain relatively free of these emotional attachments and, at the same time, possess biological detection mechanisms that are at least as effective as those of mammals.
Insects have olfactory systems that are very similar to those of vertebrates, detecting odors via finger-like protuberances on the antenna, called olfactory sensilla.
The odorant molecule passes through pores in the outer cuticle of the sensillum and becomes attached to an odorant binding protein. This protein carries the hydrophobic ligand through the lymph fluid found inside the cell and attaches it to a receptor on the dendritic projections of a sensory nerve cell. Finally, this receptor sends a signal to the central nervous system, allowing for easy detection by researchers.
The position of the insect olfactory organs on the surface of its body allows for direct investigation of the system’s response. A technique developed by German biologist Dietrich Schneider in the 1950s became the first method that enabled researchers to record the activity in insect olfactory nerves and identify the compounds that trigger a behavioral response. The recent developments in this direction suggest that the detection mechanisms of insects are likely to be applied in practice in the near future.
Q.
Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude towards the prospects of using insects’ biological detection systems in practice?
  • a)
    Moderately optimistic
  • b)
    Completely neutral
  • c)
    Highly doubtful
  • d)
    Largely uninterested
  • e)
    Mildly pessimistic
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Verified Answer
Dogs are widely employed by the police as biological detection systems...
When answering questions about the overall tone of the passage or attitude of the author, make sure to avoid extreme answer choices. Also, pay close attention to the qualifying words such as “moderately,” “mildly” or “slightly.” These words tone down the following adjective, thus making it more likely to be the correct answer.
(A) CORRECT. The whole passage provides an argument for the increased use of insects’ detection mechanisms. For example, in the second sentence of the first paragraph, the author states that “… insects, rather than mammals, may be used more effectively in this capacity.” Also, the author concludes the passage by saying that “… the detection mechanisms of insects are likely to be applied in practice in the near future.” These statements and the overall tone of the passage suggest that the author is generally optimistic about the use of the detection mechanisms of insects.  
(B) Since the whole passage makes an argument for a wider use of the biological detection systems of insects and discusses their advantages over mammals, the attitude of the author towards them is positive rather than completely neutral.
(C) Throughout the entire passage, the author discusses the advantages of insects’ detection systems and expresses optimism about their potential use in practice. For example, in the second sentence of the first paragraph, the author states that “… insects, rather than mammals, may be used more effectively in this capacity.” Therefore, the attitude of the author cannot be described as highly doubtful.
(D) This answer is likely to be incorrect for the vast majority of GMAT passages. By definition, if the author writes a passage on a certain subject, she is unlikely to be uninterested in the subject area.
 (E) Throughout the entire passage, the author discusses the advantages of insects’ detection systems and expresses optimism about their potential use in practice. For example, the author concludes the passage by saying that “… the detection mechanisms of insects are likely to be applied in practice in the near future.” Therefore, the attitude of the author cannot be described as mildly pessimistic. 
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Most Upvoted Answer
Dogs are widely employed by the police as biological detection systems...
Understanding the Author's Attitude
The author's attitude towards using insects as biological detection systems can be described as moderately optimistic based on several key points in the passage.
Comparison with Dogs
- The author highlights the limitations of dogs, noting that they can get bored and may have emotional attachments that affect their performance.
- Insects, conversely, are presented as having advantages due to their lack of emotional ties, suggesting a more reliable detection capability.
Biological Mechanisms
- The passage emphasizes the effectiveness of insects' olfactory systems, which are comparable to those of mammals.
- The detailed explanation of how insects detect odors illustrates a strong belief in their biological efficiency.
Research and Development
- The mention of Dietrich Schneider’s technique indicates a historical foundation for studying insect olfaction.
- The phrase "recent developments in this direction" implies progress and potential for practical applications, reinforcing optimism.
Future Applications
- The statement regarding the likelihood of applying insect detection mechanisms in practice in the near future further supports a positive outlook.
- This suggests not only feasibility but also anticipation of advancements in this field.
In conclusion, the author's tone throughout the passage displays a belief in the potential of insects for biological detection, making "moderately optimistic" the most fitting description of their attitude.
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Dogs are widely employed by the police as biological detection systems to detect the smuggling and storage of drugs. Yet, recent evidence suggests that insects, rather than mammals, may be used more effectively in this capacity. One of the disadvantages of dogs lies in the fact that these animals, like humans, may get bored and lose interest. Other problems may also result from the emotional relationship between a dog and its owner.Insects, on the other hand, remain relatively free of these emotional attachments and, at the same time, possess biological detection mechanisms that are at least as effective as those of mammals.Insects have olfactory systems that are very similar to those of vertebrates, detecting odors via finger-like protuberances on the antenna, called olfactory sensilla.The odorant molecule passes through pores in the outer cuticle of the sensillum and becomes attached to an odorant binding protein. This protein carries the hydrophobic ligand through the lymph fluid found inside the cell and attaches it to a receptor on the dendritic projections of a sensory nerve cell. Finally, this receptor sends a signal to the central nervous system, allowing for easy detection by researchers.The position of the insect olfactory organs on the surface of its body allows for direct investigation of the system’s response. A technique developed by German biologist Dietrich Schneider in the 1950s became the first method that enabled researchers to record the activity in insect olfactory nerves and identify the compounds that trigger a behavioral response. The recent developments in this direction suggest that the detection mechanisms of insects are likely to be applied in practice in the near future.Q.Which of the following most accurately describes the primary purpose of the passage?

Dogs are widely employed by the police as biological detection systems to detect the smuggling and storage of drugs. Yet, recent evidence suggests that insects, rather than mammals, may be used more effectively in this capacity. One of the disadvantages of dogs lies in the fact that these animals, like humans, may get bored and lose interest. Other problems may also result from the emotional relationship between a dog and its owner.Insects, on the other hand, remain relatively free of these emotional attachments and, at the same time, possess biological detection mechanisms that are at least as effective as those of mammals.Insects have olfactory systems that are very similar to those of vertebrates, detecting odors via finger-like protuberances on the antenna, called olfactory sensilla.The odorant molecule passes through pores in the outer cuticle of the sensillum and becomes attached to an odorant binding protein. This protein carries the hydrophobic ligand through the lymph fluid found inside the cell and attaches it to a receptor on the dendritic projections of a sensory nerve cell. Finally, this receptor sends a signal to the central nervous system, allowing for easy detection by researchers.The position of the insect olfactory organs on the surface of its body allows for direct investigation of the system’s response. A technique developed by German biologist Dietrich Schneider in the 1950s became the first method that enabled researchers to record the activity in insect olfactory nerves and identify the compounds that trigger a behavioral response. The recent developments in this direction suggest that the detection mechanisms of insects are likely to be applied in practice in the near future.Q.Which of the following statements can be most reasonably inferred from the passage above?

Dogs are widely employed by the police as biological detection systems to detect the smuggling and storage of drugs. Yet, recent evidence suggests that insects, rather than mammals, may be used more effectively in this capacity. One of the disadvantages of dogs lies in the fact that these animals, like humans, may get bored and lose interest. Other problems may also result from the emotional relationship between a dog and its owner.Insects, on the other hand, remain relatively free of these emotional attachments and, at the same time, possess biological detection mechanisms that are at least as effective as those of mammals.Insects have olfactory systems that are very similar to those of vertebrates, detecting odors via finger-like protuberances on the antenna, called olfactory sensilla.The odorant molecule passes through pores in the outer cuticle of the sensillum and becomes attached to an odorant binding protein. This protein carries the hydrophobic ligand through the lymph fluid found inside the cell and attaches it to a receptor on the dendritic projections of a sensory nerve cell. Finally, this receptor sends a signal to the central nervous system, allowing for easy detection by researchers.The position of the insect olfactory organs on the surface of its body allows for direct investigation of the system’s response. A technique developed by German biologist Dietrich Schneider in the 1950s became the first method that enabled researchers to record the activity in insect olfactory nerves and identify the compounds that trigger a behavioral response. The recent developments in this direction suggest that the detection mechanisms of insects are likely to be applied in practice in the near future.Q.It can be inferred from the passage that dogs could be used more effectively in detecting drugs if which of the following were true?

Dogs are widely employed by the police as biological detection systems to detect the smuggling and storage of drugs. Yet, recent evidence suggests that insects, rather than mammals, may be used more effectively in this capacity. One of the disadvantages of dogs lies in the fact that these animals, like humans, may get bored and lose interest. Other problems may also result from the emotional relationship between a dog and its owner.Insects, on the other hand, remain relatively free of these emotional attachments and, at the same time, possess biological detection mechanisms that are at least as effective as those of mammals.Insects have olfactory systems that are very similar to those of vertebrates, detecting odors via finger-like protuberances on the antenna, called olfactory sensilla.The odorant molecule passes through pores in the outer cuticle of the sensillum and becomes attached to an odorant binding protein. This protein carries the hydrophobic ligand through the lymph fluid found inside the cell and attaches it to a receptor on the dendritic projections of a sensory nerve cell. Finally, this receptor sends a signal to the central nervous system, allowing for easy detection by researchers.The position of the insect olfactory organs on the surface of its body allows for direct investigation of the system’s response. A technique developed by German biologist Dietrich Schneider in the 1950s became the first method that enabled researchers to record the activity in insect olfactory nerves and identify the compounds that trigger a behavioral response. The recent developments in this direction suggest that the detection mechanisms of insects are likely to be applied in practice in the near future.Q.According to the passage, which of the following roles is played by an odorant binding protein?

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Dogs are widely employed by the police as biological detection systems to detect the smuggling and storage of drugs. Yet, recent evidence suggests that insects, rather than mammals, may be used more effectively in this capacity. One of the disadvantages of dogs lies in the fact that these animals, like humans, may get bored and lose interest. Other problems may also result from the emotional relationship between a dog and its owner.Insects, on the other hand, remain relatively free of these emotional attachments and, at the same time, possess biological detection mechanisms that are at least as effective as those of mammals.Insects have olfactory systems that are very similar to those of vertebrates, detecting odors via finger-like protuberances on the antenna, called olfactory sensilla.The odorant molecule passes through pores in the outer cuticle of the sensillum and becomes attached to an odorant binding protein. This protein carries the hydrophobic ligand through the lymph fluid found inside the cell and attaches it to a receptor on the dendritic projections of a sensory nerve cell. Finally, this receptor sends a signal to the central nervous system, allowing for easy detection by researchers.The position of the insect olfactory organs on the surface of its body allows for direct investigation of the system’s response. A technique developed by German biologist Dietrich Schneider in the 1950s became the first method that enabled researchers to record the activity in insect olfactory nerves and identify the compounds that trigger a behavioral response. The recent developments in this direction suggest that the detection mechanisms of insects are likely to be applied in practice in the near future.Q.Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude towards the prospects of using insects’ biological detection systems in practice?a)Moderately optimisticb)Completely neutralc)Highly doubtfuld)Largely uninterestede)Mildly pessimisticCorrect answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Question Description
Dogs are widely employed by the police as biological detection systems to detect the smuggling and storage of drugs. Yet, recent evidence suggests that insects, rather than mammals, may be used more effectively in this capacity. One of the disadvantages of dogs lies in the fact that these animals, like humans, may get bored and lose interest. Other problems may also result from the emotional relationship between a dog and its owner.Insects, on the other hand, remain relatively free of these emotional attachments and, at the same time, possess biological detection mechanisms that are at least as effective as those of mammals.Insects have olfactory systems that are very similar to those of vertebrates, detecting odors via finger-like protuberances on the antenna, called olfactory sensilla.The odorant molecule passes through pores in the outer cuticle of the sensillum and becomes attached to an odorant binding protein. This protein carries the hydrophobic ligand through the lymph fluid found inside the cell and attaches it to a receptor on the dendritic projections of a sensory nerve cell. Finally, this receptor sends a signal to the central nervous system, allowing for easy detection by researchers.The position of the insect olfactory organs on the surface of its body allows for direct investigation of the system’s response. A technique developed by German biologist Dietrich Schneider in the 1950s became the first method that enabled researchers to record the activity in insect olfactory nerves and identify the compounds that trigger a behavioral response. The recent developments in this direction suggest that the detection mechanisms of insects are likely to be applied in practice in the near future.Q.Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude towards the prospects of using insects’ biological detection systems in practice?a)Moderately optimisticb)Completely neutralc)Highly doubtfuld)Largely uninterestede)Mildly pessimisticCorrect answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? for GMAT 2024 is part of GMAT preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the GMAT exam syllabus. Information about Dogs are widely employed by the police as biological detection systems to detect the smuggling and storage of drugs. Yet, recent evidence suggests that insects, rather than mammals, may be used more effectively in this capacity. One of the disadvantages of dogs lies in the fact that these animals, like humans, may get bored and lose interest. Other problems may also result from the emotional relationship between a dog and its owner.Insects, on the other hand, remain relatively free of these emotional attachments and, at the same time, possess biological detection mechanisms that are at least as effective as those of mammals.Insects have olfactory systems that are very similar to those of vertebrates, detecting odors via finger-like protuberances on the antenna, called olfactory sensilla.The odorant molecule passes through pores in the outer cuticle of the sensillum and becomes attached to an odorant binding protein. This protein carries the hydrophobic ligand through the lymph fluid found inside the cell and attaches it to a receptor on the dendritic projections of a sensory nerve cell. Finally, this receptor sends a signal to the central nervous system, allowing for easy detection by researchers.The position of the insect olfactory organs on the surface of its body allows for direct investigation of the system’s response. A technique developed by German biologist Dietrich Schneider in the 1950s became the first method that enabled researchers to record the activity in insect olfactory nerves and identify the compounds that trigger a behavioral response. The recent developments in this direction suggest that the detection mechanisms of insects are likely to be applied in practice in the near future.Q.Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude towards the prospects of using insects’ biological detection systems in practice?a)Moderately optimisticb)Completely neutralc)Highly doubtfuld)Largely uninterestede)Mildly pessimisticCorrect answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for GMAT 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Dogs are widely employed by the police as biological detection systems to detect the smuggling and storage of drugs. Yet, recent evidence suggests that insects, rather than mammals, may be used more effectively in this capacity. One of the disadvantages of dogs lies in the fact that these animals, like humans, may get bored and lose interest. Other problems may also result from the emotional relationship between a dog and its owner.Insects, on the other hand, remain relatively free of these emotional attachments and, at the same time, possess biological detection mechanisms that are at least as effective as those of mammals.Insects have olfactory systems that are very similar to those of vertebrates, detecting odors via finger-like protuberances on the antenna, called olfactory sensilla.The odorant molecule passes through pores in the outer cuticle of the sensillum and becomes attached to an odorant binding protein. This protein carries the hydrophobic ligand through the lymph fluid found inside the cell and attaches it to a receptor on the dendritic projections of a sensory nerve cell. Finally, this receptor sends a signal to the central nervous system, allowing for easy detection by researchers.The position of the insect olfactory organs on the surface of its body allows for direct investigation of the system’s response. A technique developed by German biologist Dietrich Schneider in the 1950s became the first method that enabled researchers to record the activity in insect olfactory nerves and identify the compounds that trigger a behavioral response. The recent developments in this direction suggest that the detection mechanisms of insects are likely to be applied in practice in the near future.Q.Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude towards the prospects of using insects’ biological detection systems in practice?a)Moderately optimisticb)Completely neutralc)Highly doubtfuld)Largely uninterestede)Mildly pessimisticCorrect answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?.
Solutions for Dogs are widely employed by the police as biological detection systems to detect the smuggling and storage of drugs. Yet, recent evidence suggests that insects, rather than mammals, may be used more effectively in this capacity. One of the disadvantages of dogs lies in the fact that these animals, like humans, may get bored and lose interest. Other problems may also result from the emotional relationship between a dog and its owner.Insects, on the other hand, remain relatively free of these emotional attachments and, at the same time, possess biological detection mechanisms that are at least as effective as those of mammals.Insects have olfactory systems that are very similar to those of vertebrates, detecting odors via finger-like protuberances on the antenna, called olfactory sensilla.The odorant molecule passes through pores in the outer cuticle of the sensillum and becomes attached to an odorant binding protein. This protein carries the hydrophobic ligand through the lymph fluid found inside the cell and attaches it to a receptor on the dendritic projections of a sensory nerve cell. Finally, this receptor sends a signal to the central nervous system, allowing for easy detection by researchers.The position of the insect olfactory organs on the surface of its body allows for direct investigation of the system’s response. A technique developed by German biologist Dietrich Schneider in the 1950s became the first method that enabled researchers to record the activity in insect olfactory nerves and identify the compounds that trigger a behavioral response. The recent developments in this direction suggest that the detection mechanisms of insects are likely to be applied in practice in the near future.Q.Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude towards the prospects of using insects’ biological detection systems in practice?a)Moderately optimisticb)Completely neutralc)Highly doubtfuld)Largely uninterestede)Mildly pessimisticCorrect answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? in English & in Hindi are available as part of our courses for GMAT. Download more important topics, notes, lectures and mock test series for GMAT Exam by signing up for free.
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This protein carries the hydrophobic ligand through the lymph fluid found inside the cell and attaches it to a receptor on the dendritic projections of a sensory nerve cell. Finally, this receptor sends a signal to the central nervous system, allowing for easy detection by researchers.The position of the insect olfactory organs on the surface of its body allows for direct investigation of the system’s response. A technique developed by German biologist Dietrich Schneider in the 1950s became the first method that enabled researchers to record the activity in insect olfactory nerves and identify the compounds that trigger a behavioral response. The recent developments in this direction suggest that the detection mechanisms of insects are likely to be applied in practice in the near future.Q.Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude towards the prospects of using insects’ biological detection systems in practice?a)Moderately optimisticb)Completely neutralc)Highly doubtfuld)Largely uninterestede)Mildly pessimisticCorrect answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? defined & explained in the simplest way possible. Besides giving the explanation of Dogs are widely employed by the police as biological detection systems to detect the smuggling and storage of drugs. Yet, recent evidence suggests that insects, rather than mammals, may be used more effectively in this capacity. One of the disadvantages of dogs lies in the fact that these animals, like humans, may get bored and lose interest. Other problems may also result from the emotional relationship between a dog and its owner.Insects, on the other hand, remain relatively free of these emotional attachments and, at the same time, possess biological detection mechanisms that are at least as effective as those of mammals.Insects have olfactory systems that are very similar to those of vertebrates, detecting odors via finger-like protuberances on the antenna, called olfactory sensilla.The odorant molecule passes through pores in the outer cuticle of the sensillum and becomes attached to an odorant binding protein. This protein carries the hydrophobic ligand through the lymph fluid found inside the cell and attaches it to a receptor on the dendritic projections of a sensory nerve cell. Finally, this receptor sends a signal to the central nervous system, allowing for easy detection by researchers.The position of the insect olfactory organs on the surface of its body allows for direct investigation of the system’s response. A technique developed by German biologist Dietrich Schneider in the 1950s became the first method that enabled researchers to record the activity in insect olfactory nerves and identify the compounds that trigger a behavioral response. The recent developments in this direction suggest that the detection mechanisms of insects are likely to be applied in practice in the near future.Q.Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude towards the prospects of using insects’ biological detection systems in practice?a)Moderately optimisticb)Completely neutralc)Highly doubtfuld)Largely uninterestede)Mildly pessimisticCorrect answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?, a detailed solution for Dogs are widely employed by the police as biological detection systems to detect the smuggling and storage of drugs. Yet, recent evidence suggests that insects, rather than mammals, may be used more effectively in this capacity. One of the disadvantages of dogs lies in the fact that these animals, like humans, may get bored and lose interest. Other problems may also result from the emotional relationship between a dog and its owner.Insects, on the other hand, remain relatively free of these emotional attachments and, at the same time, possess biological detection mechanisms that are at least as effective as those of mammals.Insects have olfactory systems that are very similar to those of vertebrates, detecting odors via finger-like protuberances on the antenna, called olfactory sensilla.The odorant molecule passes through pores in the outer cuticle of the sensillum and becomes attached to an odorant binding protein. This protein carries the hydrophobic ligand through the lymph fluid found inside the cell and attaches it to a receptor on the dendritic projections of a sensory nerve cell. Finally, this receptor sends a signal to the central nervous system, allowing for easy detection by researchers.The position of the insect olfactory organs on the surface of its body allows for direct investigation of the system’s response. A technique developed by German biologist Dietrich Schneider in the 1950s became the first method that enabled researchers to record the activity in insect olfactory nerves and identify the compounds that trigger a behavioral response. The recent developments in this direction suggest that the detection mechanisms of insects are likely to be applied in practice in the near future.Q.Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude towards the prospects of using insects’ biological detection systems in practice?a)Moderately optimisticb)Completely neutralc)Highly doubtfuld)Largely uninterestede)Mildly pessimisticCorrect answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? has been provided alongside types of Dogs are widely employed by the police as biological detection systems to detect the smuggling and storage of drugs. Yet, recent evidence suggests that insects, rather than mammals, may be used more effectively in this capacity. One of the disadvantages of dogs lies in the fact that these animals, like humans, may get bored and lose interest. Other problems may also result from the emotional relationship between a dog and its owner.Insects, on the other hand, remain relatively free of these emotional attachments and, at the same time, possess biological detection mechanisms that are at least as effective as those of mammals.Insects have olfactory systems that are very similar to those of vertebrates, detecting odors via finger-like protuberances on the antenna, called olfactory sensilla.The odorant molecule passes through pores in the outer cuticle of the sensillum and becomes attached to an odorant binding protein. This protein carries the hydrophobic ligand through the lymph fluid found inside the cell and attaches it to a receptor on the dendritic projections of a sensory nerve cell. Finally, this receptor sends a signal to the central nervous system, allowing for easy detection by researchers.The position of the insect olfactory organs on the surface of its body allows for direct investigation of the system’s response. A technique developed by German biologist Dietrich Schneider in the 1950s became the first method that enabled researchers to record the activity in insect olfactory nerves and identify the compounds that trigger a behavioral response. The recent developments in this direction suggest that the detection mechanisms of insects are likely to be applied in practice in the near future.Q.Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude towards the prospects of using insects’ biological detection systems in practice?a)Moderately optimisticb)Completely neutralc)Highly doubtfuld)Largely uninterestede)Mildly pessimisticCorrect answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? theory, EduRev gives you an ample number of questions to practice Dogs are widely employed by the police as biological detection systems to detect the smuggling and storage of drugs. Yet, recent evidence suggests that insects, rather than mammals, may be used more effectively in this capacity. One of the disadvantages of dogs lies in the fact that these animals, like humans, may get bored and lose interest. Other problems may also result from the emotional relationship between a dog and its owner.Insects, on the other hand, remain relatively free of these emotional attachments and, at the same time, possess biological detection mechanisms that are at least as effective as those of mammals.Insects have olfactory systems that are very similar to those of vertebrates, detecting odors via finger-like protuberances on the antenna, called olfactory sensilla.The odorant molecule passes through pores in the outer cuticle of the sensillum and becomes attached to an odorant binding protein. This protein carries the hydrophobic ligand through the lymph fluid found inside the cell and attaches it to a receptor on the dendritic projections of a sensory nerve cell. Finally, this receptor sends a signal to the central nervous system, allowing for easy detection by researchers.The position of the insect olfactory organs on the surface of its body allows for direct investigation of the system’s response. A technique developed by German biologist Dietrich Schneider in the 1950s became the first method that enabled researchers to record the activity in insect olfactory nerves and identify the compounds that trigger a behavioral response. The recent developments in this direction suggest that the detection mechanisms of insects are likely to be applied in practice in the near future.Q.Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude towards the prospects of using insects’ biological detection systems in practice?a)Moderately optimisticb)Completely neutralc)Highly doubtfuld)Largely uninterestede)Mildly pessimisticCorrect answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? tests, examples and also practice GMAT tests.
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