Chapter 5 of the NCERT Political Science textbook for Class 12 is titled "Popular Struggles and Movements." It explores the nature, causes, and consequences of popular struggles and movements in various countries. Let's delve into the details of this chapter:

1. Introduction:
- This chapter focuses on the significance of popular struggles and movements in shaping political processes and outcomes.
- It highlights the role of ordinary citizens in challenging unjust systems and advocating for their rights and interests.

2. Understanding Popular Struggles:
- Popular struggles refer to collective efforts by people to challenge existing power structures and bring about social and political change.
- These struggles can take the form of protests, demonstrations, strikes, or social movements.
- Popular struggles arise when people feel marginalized, oppressed, or deprived of their basic rights.

3. Mexico: The Zapatista Movement:
- This section discusses the Zapatista movement in Mexico, which emerged in 1994 to protest against the government's neoliberal policies.
- The movement demanded land rights, indigenous autonomy, and social justice.
- The Zapatistas used both armed resistance and non-violent methods to draw attention to their cause.

4. Bolivia: Water and Gas Movements:
- The case study of Bolivia focuses on two popular movements - the Cochabamba Water War and the Gas War.
- The Cochabamba Water War was a protest against the privatization of water resources, which led to increased prices and exclusion of the poor.
- The Gas War was a movement against the export of Bolivia's natural gas to foreign countries at low prices, depriving the local population of its benefits.

5. Egypt: Revolution 2011:
- This section explores the popular uprising in Egypt in 2011, also known as the Arab Spring.
- The movement aimed to overthrow the authoritarian regime of President Hosni Mubarak and establish a democratic system.
- The use of social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter played a crucial role in organizing and mobilizing the masses.

6. Conclusion:
- The chapter concludes by emphasizing the transformative power of popular struggles and movements in challenging oppressive systems and advocating for greater rights and justice.
- It highlights the importance of citizen participation and collective action in shaping political processes and policies.

In this chapter, students will gain insights into the dynamics of popular struggles and movements, their causes, strategies, and impacts on society and politics. It encourages critical thinking and fosters an understanding of the role of ordinary citizens in shaping political change.