Introduction:

Akbar, the third Mughal emperor, made significant efforts to improve agriculture in his empire. Recognizing the importance of agriculture for the overall prosperity and stability of his kingdom, he implemented various measures to enhance agricultural productivity, irrigation, and land revenue administration.

Steps taken by Akbar to improve agriculture:

1. Land Revenue System Reforms:
- Akbar introduced a new revenue system called the "Dahsala" or "Tenfold" system. Under this system, the revenue was fixed at one-tenth of the estimated produce of the land.
- The revenue assessment was based on a detailed survey conducted by officials known as "Amins." This survey included measuring the area, assessing the fertility of the land, and considering the quality of crops grown.
- The revenue assessment was revised periodically to account for changes in productivity and ensure fairness.

2. Encouragement of Cash Crops:
- Akbar encouraged the cultivation of cash crops like cotton, indigo, and sugarcane. These crops had high demand in domestic and foreign markets, leading to increased revenue for the empire.
- He established state-controlled plantations known as "Khalisa" to cultivate cash crops on a large scale. These plantations served as models for farmers, providing them with improved techniques and seeds.

3. Expansion of Irrigation:
- Akbar initiated the construction of numerous canals, reservoirs, and wells to improve irrigation facilities across the empire. This expansion of irrigation infrastructure increased the availability of water for agricultural purposes.
- The emperor personally supervised the construction of the Agra Canal, which diverted water from the Yamuna River to irrigate the fields around Agra.

4. Introduction of New Crops and Techniques:
- Akbar promoted the introduction of new crops and agricultural techniques through his "experimental farms" known as "Taramsala."
- These farms were used to test the viability of new crops, improve agricultural practices, and develop better irrigation methods.
- The emperor also encouraged the adoption of advanced techniques like crop rotation, use of fertilizers, and improved seed selection.

5. Protection of Farmers' Interests:
- Akbar implemented policies to protect the interests of farmers. He imposed restrictions on the arbitrary increase of land rent by landlords and ensured that farmers were not exploited.
- He also established revenue courts to resolve disputes related to land revenue and protect farmers from undue harassment.

Conclusion:

Akbar's initiatives to improve agriculture had a profound impact on the agricultural sector of the Mughal Empire. His land revenue reforms, promotion of cash crops, expansion of irrigation, introduction of new crops and techniques, and protection of farmers' interests all contributed to increased agricultural productivity and prosperity. These measures not only enhanced the revenue of the empire but also improved the livelihoods of farmers and strengthened the overall economy.