Temperature Stress:
Temperature stress refers to the stress induced in a material due to changes in temperature. When a material is subjected to a temperature change, it expands or contracts, leading to the development of internal stresses. These stresses can have detrimental effects on the material, such as deformation or failure.

Factors Affecting Temperature Stress:
The temperature stress experienced by a material is influenced by several factors. The correct answer, option 'D', includes all the significant factors affecting temperature stress. Let's discuss each factor in detail:

1. Coefficient of Linear Expansion:
The coefficient of linear expansion (α) represents the change in length of a material per degree of temperature change. It is a material-specific property and varies with different substances. When a material is heated or cooled, its linear dimensions change proportionally to the coefficient of linear expansion.

The stress induced by thermal expansion or contraction can be calculated using the formula:
Stress = α × ΔT × E

Where:
Stress = Temperature stress
α = Coefficient of linear expansion
ΔT = Temperature change
E = Modulus of elasticity

2. Temperature Rise:
The magnitude of temperature change greatly affects the stress induced in a material. A larger temperature rise leads to higher thermal expansion or contraction and subsequently higher temperature stress. The stress developed due to temperature rise can be significant, especially if the material is constrained or restrained.

3. Modulus of Elasticity:
The modulus of elasticity (E) represents a material's ability to resist deformation under an applied stress. It is a measure of the stiffness or rigidity of a material. When a material experiences temperature-induced expansion or contraction, it resists the change due to its elastic property.

The modulus of elasticity plays a crucial role in determining the magnitude of temperature stress. A material with a higher modulus of elasticity will be less prone to deformation and can withstand higher temperature stresses.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, temperature stress is influenced by the coefficient of linear expansion, temperature rise, and modulus of elasticity. These factors collectively contribute to the magnitude of stress induced in a material due to changes in temperature. It is important to consider these factors in engineering design and material selection to ensure the structural integrity and performance of components exposed to temperature variations.