Introduction:
In Chapter 5 of NCERT Solutions for History Class 12, titled "Through the Eyes of Travellers," one of the descriptions of Indian society is provided by François Bernier, a French traveler who visited India in the 17th century. Bernier's observations shed light on various aspects of Indian society during that time.

Bernier's Description of Indian Society:
François Bernier was a physician and traveler who spent several years in India. He provided a detailed account of Indian society, focusing on several key aspects:

1. Social Hierarchy:
Bernier observed that Indian society was highly stratified and organized along the lines of a rigid caste system. He noted that there were four major castes - Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras - with each caste having its own prescribed duties and occupations. He also mentioned that there were numerous sub-castes within each major caste.

2. Religious Diversity:
Bernier highlighted the religious diversity of India. He observed that Hindus formed the majority, followed by Muslims and a small number of Christians and Jews. He noted that religious practices were an integral part of daily life, and religious festivals were celebrated with great fervor.

3. Economic Structure:
Bernier described the economic structure of India, stating that agriculture was the primary occupation of the majority of the population. He mentioned the cultivation of various crops, such as rice, wheat, sugarcane, and cotton. He also noted the presence of skilled craftsmen and merchants engaged in trade both within India and with other countries.

4. Political System:
Bernier observed that India was divided into numerous kingdoms and principalities ruled by kings and local chieftains. He mentioned that the Mughal Empire was the dominant political power during his time in India and described the court of the Mughal Emperor as grand and opulent.

5. Education and Learning:
Bernier commented on the importance of education in Indian society. He noted that there were numerous centers of learning, where students studied various subjects like philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. He also observed that Sanskrit was widely used as the language of learning and communication.

Conclusion:
Bernier's description of Indian society provides valuable insights into the social, religious, economic, political, and educational aspects of India during the 17th century. His observations help us understand the complexities and diversity of Indian society during that time period.