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An instruction cycle refers to
  • a)
    Fetching an instruction
  • b)
    Clockspeed
  • c)
    Fetching, decoding and executing an instruction
  • d)
    Executing an instruction
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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An instruction cycle refers toa)Fetching an instructionb)Clockspeedc)F...
An instruction cycle is the basic operational process of a computer. It is the process by which a computer retrieves a program instruction from its memory, determines what actions the instruction dictates and carries out those actions. Also called as fetch, decode-execute cycle.
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An instruction cycle refers toa)Fetching an instructionb)Clockspeedc)F...
Explanation:

The instruction cycle is the basic operation cycle of a computer. It is the process by which a computer retrieves a program instruction from its memory, determines what actions the instruction requires, and carries out those actions. The instruction cycle consists of three basic steps, which are as follows:

1. Fetch: The first step of the instruction cycle is to fetch an instruction from the memory. The CPU reads the instruction from the memory location pointed to by the program counter (PC) and stores it in the instruction register (IR).

2. Decode: The second step of the instruction cycle is to decode the instruction. The CPU determines what operation the instruction requires and what operands it will use. This is done by examining the opcode field of the instruction and any operand fields that may be present.

3. Execute: The third step of the instruction cycle is to execute the instruction. The CPU performs the operation specified by the opcode field and the operands. This may involve accessing memory, performing arithmetic or logical operations, or transferring control to another part of the program.

Thus, the instruction cycle involves fetching an instruction, decoding it, and executing it. It is the fundamental process by which a computer carries out the instructions of a program.
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An instruction pipeline has five stages, namely, instruction fetch (IF), instruction decode and register fetch (ID/RF), instruction execution (EX), memory access (MEM), and register writeback (WB) with stage latencies 1 ns, 2.2 ns, 2 ns, 1 ns, and 0.75 ns, respectively (ns stands for nanoseconds). To gain in terms of frequency, the designers have decided to split theID/RF stage into three stages (ID, RF1, RF2) each of latency 2.2/3 ns. Also, the EX stage is split into two stages (EX1, EX2) each of latency 1 ns. The new design has a total of eight pipeline stages. A program has 20% branch instructions which execute in the EX stage and produce the next instruction pointer at the end of the EX stage in the old design and at the end of the EX2 stage in the new design. The IF stage stalls after fetching a branch instruction until the next instruction pointer is computed. All instructions other than the branch instruction have an average CPI of one in both the designs. The execution times of this program on the old and the new design are P and Q nanoseconds, respectively. The value of P/Q is __________. Correct answer is '1.54'. Can you explain this answer?

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An instruction cycle refers toa)Fetching an instructionb)Clockspeedc)Fetching, decoding and executing an instructiond)Executing an instructionCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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