Explanation:

Definition of Catenation:
Catenation refers to the ability of an element to form covalent bonds with other atoms of the same element, resulting in the formation of long chains or rings. It is a unique property of carbon that allows it to form a wide variety of organic compounds.

Atomic Number:
The atomic number of an element corresponds to the number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom. It determines the chemical properties of an element and its position in the periodic table.

Maximum Catenation:
The maximum catenation is observed in carbon, which has an atomic number of 6. Carbon is known for its ability to form long chains and complex structures due to its unique electronic configuration.

Electronic Configuration of Carbon:
The electronic configuration of carbon is 1s² 2s² 2p². It has four valence electrons in its outermost energy level (2s² 2p²). These valence electrons are available for bonding, allowing carbon to form multiple covalent bonds with other atoms, including carbon itself.

Reasons for Maximum Catenation in Carbon:
1. Electronic Configuration: The 2s² 2p² configuration of carbon provides it with four valence electrons, which can form covalent bonds with other atoms.
2. Hybridization: Carbon undergoes hybridization to form four equivalent orbitals (sp³ hybrid orbitals). This allows each carbon atom to form four covalent bonds, either with other carbon atoms or with other elements.
3. Stability of Carbon-Carbon Bonds: The carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds formed are relatively strong and stable, making it energetically favorable for carbon to form long chains and complex structures.
4. Formation of Multiple Bonds: Carbon can form both single and multiple bonds with other atoms, enabling the creation of diverse organic compounds.
5. Formation of Stable Rings: Carbon can also form stable rings, such as in cyclic hydrocarbons, due to its ability to catenate.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, carbon has the maximum catenation ability among all elements due to its unique electronic configuration, hybridization, stability of carbon-carbon bonds, and the formation of multiple bonds and stable rings. This property of carbon plays a crucial role in the diversity and complexity of organic chemistry.