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Suppose that a process spends a fraction p of its time in I/O wait state. With n processes in memory at once, the probability that all n processes are waiting for I/O is 
  • a)
    1/p
  • b)
    1/pn
  • c)
    1 - pn
  • d)
    pn
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Verified Answer
Suppose that a process spends a fraction p of its time in I/O wait sta...
Considering that a process spends a fraction p of its time in I/O wait state. As n processes are there is memory at once, then Probability that all n processes are waiting for I/O = p x p x p x ... p (n times) = pn
Note: Moreover, the CPU utilization is given by the formula CPU utilization = 1 - pn.
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Most Upvoted Answer
Suppose that a process spends a fraction p of its time in I/O wait sta...
Probability that a process is waiting for I/O
- Let's consider a single process. The probability that it is in I/O wait state at any given time is p.
- Therefore, the probability that it is not in I/O wait state is 1-p.

Probability that n processes are waiting for I/O
- Let's assume there are n processes in memory at once.
- We want to find the probability that all n processes are waiting for I/O.
- Since each process is independent, we can multiply the probabilities of each process waiting for I/O to get the probability that all n processes are waiting for I/O.
- Therefore, the probability that all n processes are waiting for I/O is (p)^n.

Probability that at least one process is not waiting for I/O
- The complement of the probability that all processes are waiting for I/O is the probability that at least one process is not waiting for I/O.
- Therefore, the probability that at least one process is not waiting for I/O is 1 - (p)^n.

Probability that all processes are not waiting for I/O
- The probability that all processes are not waiting for I/O is the complement of the probability that at least one process is not waiting for I/O.
- Therefore, the probability that all processes are not waiting for I/O is (p)^n.

Conclusion
- The probability that all n processes are waiting for I/O is (p)^n.
- The probability that all processes are not waiting for I/O is (p)^n.
- The probability that at least one process is not waiting for I/O is 1 - (p)^n.
- Therefore, the correct answer is option D - pn.
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