1 ryotiwari system was tried on a small area by Alexander read .2 some of the area were won by the the tipu sultan. 3 in this system they provide farming equipment to the farmer and they cultivated the land for them.4 In this system land is of the farmer if they regularly gave lone to the owner of the land.5 This lone were taken to the farmer after every 20 to 30 years1 permanent settlement act was started by Lord cornwallis in bengal , odisha and cental part of the India. 2 this system was introduced in the year1933 .3 in this system the zamindar became the permanent owner of the land. 4 In this system zamindar had to give fixed amount of price to the owner of the land. 5 If they not able to gave the lone at a time they have loose their zamindae right.more info can't tell you sorry ...

Introduction:

Ryotwari and Permanent Settlement are two different systems of land revenue collection that were implemented during the colonial period in India. These systems were introduced by the British East India Company to streamline the collection of land revenue and establish their control over the agrarian economy. Let's explore the differences between these two systems:

Ryotwari System:

1. Definition: Ryotwari system was introduced by Thomas Munro in the Madras Presidency and was later extended to other parts of British India. Under this system, individual cultivators or ryots were recognized as the owners of the land, and they were directly responsible for paying land revenue to the government.

2. Land Ownership: In the Ryotwari system, land ownership remained with the cultivators or ryots, and they had the freedom to sell, mortgage, or transfer their land.

3. Revenue Assessment: The land revenue was assessed on a periodic basis, generally every 30 years. The assessment was based on the fertility and productivity of the land, and a fixed rate was determined for each plot of land.

4. Revenue Collection: The responsibility of collecting land revenue fell directly on the ryots. They had to pay the revenue to the government officials, known as the patwari. The revenue was collected in cash, and failure to pay could result in the confiscation of land.

5. Flexibility: The Ryotwari system provided flexibility to the cultivators as they had the freedom to choose the crops they wanted to cultivate and had control over the land. The system allowed the cultivators to benefit from any improvements made on the land.

Permanent Settlement System:

1. Definition: The Permanent Settlement, also known as the Zamindari system, was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. Under this system, the rights of land ownership were transferred to intermediaries known as zamindars or landlords.

2. Land Ownership: In the Permanent Settlement system, the zamindars became the owners of the land. They had permanent hereditary rights over the land, and the cultivators became their tenants.

3. Revenue Assessment: The land revenue was fixed permanently, often at an exorbitant rate, and remained unchanged irrespective of changes in productivity or market conditions. This fixed revenue was known as the zamindari demand.

4. Revenue Collection: The zamindars were responsible for collecting land revenue from the cultivators. They were required to pay a fixed amount to the British government, irrespective of the actual revenue collected from the cultivators.

5. Impact on Cultivators: The Permanent Settlement system imposed a heavy burden on the cultivators as they were subjected to high rents and arbitrary demands by the zamindars. They lacked security of tenure and were often exploited by the intermediaries.

Conclusion:

In summary, the Ryotwari system recognized individual cultivators as landowners, allowed them flexibility in cultivation, and made them directly responsible for paying land revenue. On the other hand, the Permanent Settlement system transferred land ownership to intermediaries, imposed fixed and high revenue demands, and resulted in the exploitation of cultivators. These systems had