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The following data was tabulated in a Physics lab by a student. The student was trying to find out the relation between pressure, volume and temperature of gas under controlled conditions in order to understand the behaviour of the gas.
 
Q.If the erroneous reading obtained in the previous question was due to a human error, then what should have been the actual reading of the temperature scale? 
  • a)
    40
  • b)
    50
  • c)
    45
  • d)
    32
  • e)
    30
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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The following data was tabulated in a Physics lab by a student. The st...
From above, we have the value of k = 1.5 In reading 4, P = 1.4, V = 48
Hence, option 3.
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Direction: Read the following passage carefully, and answer the questions that follow.In a surreal landscape of colours, dominated by luminescent ponds of yellows and greens, boiling hot water bubbles up like a cauldron, whilst poisonous chlorine and sulphur gases choke the air. Known as the "gateway to hell", the Danakil Depression in Ethiopia is scorchingly hot and one of the most alien places on Earth. Yet a recent expedition to the region has found it is teeming with life.In the heart of the Horn of Africa, the Danakil Depression is one of the most inhospitable and least-studied locations in the world. It lies over 330ft (100m) below sea level in a volcanic area in north-west Ethiopia, close to the border with Eritrea, aptly named "Afar". It is part of the East African Rift System, a place where the Earth's internal forces are currently tearing apart three continental plates, creating new land.The violent landscape is arguably the hottest place on the planet, and one of the driest. The temperature regularly reaches 45C (113F). It rarely rains, but seas of molten magma ooze just beneath the crust's surface. There are two highly active volcanoes: one of them, Erta Ale, is one of only a handful of volcanoes to have an active, bubbling lava lake at its core. The area is also littered with acid ponds and geysers, and features a deep crater called Dallol. The vibrant colours are a result of rain and seawater from the nearby coast being heated by magma and rising up. The salt from the seawater reacts with the volcanic minerals creating dazzling colours. Sulphur and salt react to form bright yellow chimneys, while copper salts create bright turquoise.Since 2013, a team of scientists has begun studying the region. Barbara Cavalazzi from the University of Bologna in Italy is part of the team and has been conducting expeditions in Danakil since 2013. "The environment is very extreme," she says. "On average, the temperature over there around lunchtime can reach 48C (118F). One time we measured 55C (131F)."The first few expeditions in 2013 were simply focused on figuring out how to work in Danakil. "You can't bring a fridge or chemicals to store samples in, so you need to think very hard and plan what you are going to do," says Cavalazzi. In spring 2016, the researchers finally began collecting samples from the hot springs and pools, hoping they would contain life. They also measured the temperatures and pH of the pools. They returned in January 2017 to collect more samples.In March 2017, Cavalazzi's lab and their colleagues found life in Danakil, after they managed to isolate and extract DNA from bacteria. They found that the bacteria are "polyextremophiles", which means they are adapted to extreme acidity, high temperatures and high salinity all at once. It is the first absolute confirmation of microbial life in the Danakil acidic pools. In as-yet-unpublished research, the team found two separate forms of bacterial life in two separate areas of the site: the salt springs and pools inside the Dallol crater, which are characterised by bright colours, acidity and boiling temperatures; and in a small lake outside the Dallol crater.Microbes discovered in Yellowstone and other hydrothermal environments have evolved adaptations to help them survive. These include having proteins and enzymes that are more chemically stable at higher temperatures. This can be achieved by having more bonds and connections between amino acids, the building blocks that make up proteins. It may be that the bacteria in the Danakil Depression hot springs have acquired similar adaptations.Whatever the case, the scientists' findings may help us understand how life could have arisen on other planets and moons. "On Mars, you have mineral deposits and sulphate deposits similar to those seen in the Danakil Depression. You also have active brine flowing periodically," says Cavalazzi.Cavalazzi suspects we have not exhausted life's ability to endure extremes. She points to "the diversity and versatility of microbial metabolisms" and "the extraordinary physiological capacities of many microorganisms to colonise any habitat". Quite possibly, there are extreme ecosystems on Earth that we have not yet found.Q. It can be inferred from the scientists' findings about the Danakil Depression that

During the frigid season...if s often necessary to nestle under a blanket to try to stay warm. The temperature difference between the blanket and the air outside is so palpable that we often have trouble leaving our warm refuge. Many plants and animals similarly hunker down, relying on snow cover for safety from winters harsh conditions. The small area between the snowpack and the ground, called the subnivium...might be the most important ecosystem that you have never heard of.The subnivium is so well-insulated and stable that its temperature holds steady at around 32 degree Fahrenheit (0 degree Celsius). Although that might still sound cold, a constant temperature of 32 degree Fahrenheit can often be 30 to 40 degrees warmer than the air temperature during the peak of winter. Because of this large temperature difference, a wide variety of species...depend on the subnivium for winter protection.For many organisms living in temperate and Arctic regions, the difference between being under the snow or outside it is a matter of life and death. Consequently, disruptions to the subnivium brought about by climate change will affect everything from population dynamics to nutrient cycling through the ecosystem.The formation and stability of the subnivium requires more than a few flurries. Winter ecologists have suggested that eight inches of snow is necessary to develop a stable layer of insulation. Depth is not the only factor, however. More accurately, the stability of the subnivium depends on the interaction between snow depth and snow density. Imagine being under a stack of blankets that are all flattened and pressed together. When compressed, the blankets essentially form one compacted layer. In contrast, when they are lightly placed on top of one another, their insulative capacity increases because the air pockets between them trap heat. Greater depths of low-density snow are therefore better at insulating the ground.Both depth and density of snow are sensitive to temperature. Scientists are now beginning to explore how climate change will affect the subnivium, as well as the species that depend on it. At first glance, warmer winters seem beneficial for species that have difficulty surviving subzero temperatures; however, as with most ecological phenomena, the consequences are not so straightforward. Research has shown that the snow season (the period when snow is more likely than rain) has become shorter since 1970. When rain falls on snow, it increases the density of the snow and reduces its insulative capacity. Therefore, even though winters are expected to become warmer overall from future climate change, the subnivium will tend to become colder and more variable with less protection from the above-ground temperatures.The effects of a colder subnivium are complex...For example, shrubs such as crowberry and alpine azalea that grow along the forest floor tend to block the wind and so retain higher depths of snow around them. This captured snow helps to keep soils insulated and in turn increases plant decomposition and nutrient release. In field experiments, researchers removed a portion of the snow cover to investigate the importance of the subniviums insulation. They found that soil frost in the snow-free area resulted in damage to plant roots and sometimes even the death of the plant.Q.All of the following statements are true EXCEPT Options

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The following data was tabulated in a Physics lab by a student. The student was trying to find out the relation between pressure, volume and temperature of gas under controlled conditions in order to understand the behaviour of the gas.Q.If the erroneous reading obtained in the previousquestion was due to a human error, then what should have been the actual reading of the temperature scale?a)40b)50c)45d)32e)30Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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