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Direction: Read the following passage carefully, and answer the questions that follow.In a surreal landscape of colours, dominated by luminescent ponds of yellows and greens, boiling hot water bubbles up like a cauldron, whilst poisonous chlorine and sulphur gases choke the air. Known as the "gateway to hell", the Danakil Depression in Ethiopia is scorchingly hot and one of the most alien places on Earth. Yet a recent expedition to the region has found it is teeming with life.In the heart of the Horn of Africa, the Danakil Depression is one of the most inhospitable and least-studied locations in the world. It lies over 330ft (100m) below sea level in a volcanic area in north-west Ethiopia, close to the border with Eritrea, aptly named "Afar". It is part of the East African Rift System, a place where the Earth's internal forces are currently tearing apart three continental plates, creating new land.The violent landscape is arguably the hottest place on the planet, and one of the driest. The temperature regularly reaches 45C (113F). It rarely rains, but seas of molten magma ooze just beneath the crust's surface. There are two highly active volcanoes: one of them, Erta Ale, is one of only a handful of volcanoes to have an active, bubbling lava lake at its core. The area is also littered with acid ponds and geysers, and features a deep crater called Dallol. The vibrant colours are a result of rain and seawater from the nearby coast being heated by magma and rising up. The salt from the seawater reacts with the volcanic minerals creating dazzling colours. Sulphur and salt react to form bright yellow chimneys, while copper salts create bright turquoise.Since 2013, a team of scientists has begun studying the region. Barbara Cavalazzi from the University of Bologna in Italy is part of the team and has been conducting expeditions in Danakil since 2013. "The environment is very extreme," she says. "On average, the temperature over there around lunchtime can reach 48C (118F). One time we measured 55C (131F)."The first few expeditions in 2013 were simply focused on figuring out how to work in Danakil. "You can't bring a fridge or chemicals to store samples in, so you need to think very hard and plan what you are going to do," says Cavalazzi. In spring 2016, the researchers finally began collecting samples from the hot springs and pools, hoping they would contain life. They also measured the temperatures and pH of the pools. They returned in January 2017 to collect more samples.In March 2017, Cavalazzi's lab and their colleagues found life in Danakil, after they managed to isolate and extract DNA from bacteria. They found that the bacteria are "polyextremophiles", which means they are adapted to extreme acidity, high temperatures and high salinity all at once. It is the first absolute confirmation of microbial life in the Danakil acidic pools. In as-yet-unpublished research, the team found two separate forms of bacterial life in two separate areas of the site: the salt springs and pools inside the Dallol crater, which are characterised by bright colours, acidity and boiling temperatures; and in a small lake outside the Dallol crater.Microbes discovered in Yellowstone and other hydrothermal environments have evolved adaptations to help them survive. These include having proteins and enzymes that are more chemically stable at higher temperatures. This can be achieved by having more bonds and connections between amino acids, the building blocks that make up proteins. It may be that the bacteria in the Danakil Depression hot springs have acquired similar adaptations.Whatever the case, the scientists' findings may help us understand how life could have arisen on other planets and moons. "On Mars, you have mineral deposits and sulphate deposits similar to those seen in the Danakil Depression. You also have active brine flowing periodically," says Cavalazzi.Cavalazzi suspects we have not exhausted life's ability to endure extremes. She points to "the diversity and versatility of microbial metabolisms" and "the extraordinary physiological capacities of many microorganisms to colonise any habitat". Quite possibly, there are extreme ecosystems on Earth that we have not yet found.Q. It can be inferred from the scientists' findings about the Danakil Depression that:a)Since both Mars and the Danakil Depression have similar conditions, and the latter supports life, Mars might support life as well.b)Both Mars and the Danakil Depression have similar conditions which were brought into effect by likewise natural causes.c)Since life has a high tolerance to endure extreme conditions, it is possible for humans to inhabit areas like the Danakil Depression as well.d)Both Yellowstone and the Danakil Depression contain the same strains of microorganisms.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? for CAT 2024 is part of CAT preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the CAT exam syllabus. Information about Direction: Read the following passage carefully, and answer the questions that follow.In a surreal landscape of colours, dominated by luminescent ponds of yellows and greens, boiling hot water bubbles up like a cauldron, whilst poisonous chlorine and sulphur gases choke the air. Known as the "gateway to hell", the Danakil Depression in Ethiopia is scorchingly hot and one of the most alien places on Earth. Yet a recent expedition to the region has found it is teeming with life.In the heart of the Horn of Africa, the Danakil Depression is one of the most inhospitable and least-studied locations in the world. It lies over 330ft (100m) below sea level in a volcanic area in north-west Ethiopia, close to the border with Eritrea, aptly named "Afar". It is part of the East African Rift System, a place where the Earth's internal forces are currently tearing apart three continental plates, creating new land.The violent landscape is arguably the hottest place on the planet, and one of the driest. The temperature regularly reaches 45C (113F). It rarely rains, but seas of molten magma ooze just beneath the crust's surface. There are two highly active volcanoes: one of them, Erta Ale, is one of only a handful of volcanoes to have an active, bubbling lava lake at its core. The area is also littered with acid ponds and geysers, and features a deep crater called Dallol. The vibrant colours are a result of rain and seawater from the nearby coast being heated by magma and rising up. The salt from the seawater reacts with the volcanic minerals creating dazzling colours. Sulphur and salt react to form bright yellow chimneys, while copper salts create bright turquoise.Since 2013, a team of scientists has begun studying the region. Barbara Cavalazzi from the University of Bologna in Italy is part of the team and has been conducting expeditions in Danakil since 2013. "The environment is very extreme," she says. "On average, the temperature over there around lunchtime can reach 48C (118F). One time we measured 55C (131F)."The first few expeditions in 2013 were simply focused on figuring out how to work in Danakil. "You can't bring a fridge or chemicals to store samples in, so you need to think very hard and plan what you are going to do," says Cavalazzi. In spring 2016, the researchers finally began collecting samples from the hot springs and pools, hoping they would contain life. They also measured the temperatures and pH of the pools. They returned in January 2017 to collect more samples.In March 2017, Cavalazzi's lab and their colleagues found life in Danakil, after they managed to isolate and extract DNA from bacteria. They found that the bacteria are "polyextremophiles", which means they are adapted to extreme acidity, high temperatures and high salinity all at once. It is the first absolute confirmation of microbial life in the Danakil acidic pools. In as-yet-unpublished research, the team found two separate forms of bacterial life in two separate areas of the site: the salt springs and pools inside the Dallol crater, which are characterised by bright colours, acidity and boiling temperatures; and in a small lake outside the Dallol crater.Microbes discovered in Yellowstone and other hydrothermal environments have evolved adaptations to help them survive. These include having proteins and enzymes that are more chemically stable at higher temperatures. This can be achieved by having more bonds and connections between amino acids, the building blocks that make up proteins. It may be that the bacteria in the Danakil Depression hot springs have acquired similar adaptations.Whatever the case, the scientists' findings may help us understand how life could have arisen on other planets and moons. "On Mars, you have mineral deposits and sulphate deposits similar to those seen in the Danakil Depression. You also have active brine flowing periodically," says Cavalazzi.Cavalazzi suspects we have not exhausted life's ability to endure extremes. She points to "the diversity and versatility of microbial metabolisms" and "the extraordinary physiological capacities of many microorganisms to colonise any habitat". Quite possibly, there are extreme ecosystems on Earth that we have not yet found.Q. It can be inferred from the scientists' findings about the Danakil Depression that:a)Since both Mars and the Danakil Depression have similar conditions, and the latter supports life, Mars might support life as well.b)Both Mars and the Danakil Depression have similar conditions which were brought into effect by likewise natural causes.c)Since life has a high tolerance to endure extreme conditions, it is possible for humans to inhabit areas like the Danakil Depression as well.d)Both Yellowstone and the Danakil Depression contain the same strains of microorganisms.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for CAT 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Direction: Read the following passage carefully, and answer the questions that follow.In a surreal landscape of colours, dominated by luminescent ponds of yellows and greens, boiling hot water bubbles up like a cauldron, whilst poisonous chlorine and sulphur gases choke the air. Known as the "gateway to hell", the Danakil Depression in Ethiopia is scorchingly hot and one of the most alien places on Earth. Yet a recent expedition to the region has found it is teeming with life.In the heart of the Horn of Africa, the Danakil Depression is one of the most inhospitable and least-studied locations in the world. It lies over 330ft (100m) below sea level in a volcanic area in north-west Ethiopia, close to the border with Eritrea, aptly named "Afar". It is part of the East African Rift System, a place where the Earth's internal forces are currently tearing apart three continental plates, creating new land.The violent landscape is arguably the hottest place on the planet, and one of the driest. The temperature regularly reaches 45C (113F). It rarely rains, but seas of molten magma ooze just beneath the crust's surface. There are two highly active volcanoes: one of them, Erta Ale, is one of only a handful of volcanoes to have an active, bubbling lava lake at its core. The area is also littered with acid ponds and geysers, and features a deep crater called Dallol. The vibrant colours are a result of rain and seawater from the nearby coast being heated by magma and rising up. The salt from the seawater reacts with the volcanic minerals creating dazzling colours. Sulphur and salt react to form bright yellow chimneys, while copper salts create bright turquoise.Since 2013, a team of scientists has begun studying the region. Barbara Cavalazzi from the University of Bologna in Italy is part of the team and has been conducting expeditions in Danakil since 2013. "The environment is very extreme," she says. "On average, the temperature over there around lunchtime can reach 48C (118F). One time we measured 55C (131F)."The first few expeditions in 2013 were simply focused on figuring out how to work in Danakil. "You can't bring a fridge or chemicals to store samples in, so you need to think very hard and plan what you are going to do," says Cavalazzi. In spring 2016, the researchers finally began collecting samples from the hot springs and pools, hoping they would contain life. They also measured the temperatures and pH of the pools. They returned in January 2017 to collect more samples.In March 2017, Cavalazzi's lab and their colleagues found life in Danakil, after they managed to isolate and extract DNA from bacteria. They found that the bacteria are "polyextremophiles", which means they are adapted to extreme acidity, high temperatures and high salinity all at once. It is the first absolute confirmation of microbial life in the Danakil acidic pools. In as-yet-unpublished research, the team found two separate forms of bacterial life in two separate areas of the site: the salt springs and pools inside the Dallol crater, which are characterised by bright colours, acidity and boiling temperatures; and in a small lake outside the Dallol crater.Microbes discovered in Yellowstone and other hydrothermal environments have evolved adaptations to help them survive. These include having proteins and enzymes that are more chemically stable at higher temperatures. This can be achieved by having more bonds and connections between amino acids, the building blocks that make up proteins. It may be that the bacteria in the Danakil Depression hot springs have acquired similar adaptations.Whatever the case, the scientists' findings may help us understand how life could have arisen on other planets and moons. "On Mars, you have mineral deposits and sulphate deposits similar to those seen in the Danakil Depression. You also have active brine flowing periodically," says Cavalazzi.Cavalazzi suspects we have not exhausted life's ability to endure extremes. She points to "the diversity and versatility of microbial metabolisms" and "the extraordinary physiological capacities of many microorganisms to colonise any habitat". Quite possibly, there are extreme ecosystems on Earth that we have not yet found.Q. It can be inferred from the scientists' findings about the Danakil Depression that:a)Since both Mars and the Danakil Depression have similar conditions, and the latter supports life, Mars might support life as well.b)Both Mars and the Danakil Depression have similar conditions which were brought into effect by likewise natural causes.c)Since life has a high tolerance to endure extreme conditions, it is possible for humans to inhabit areas like the Danakil Depression as well.d)Both Yellowstone and the Danakil Depression contain the same strains of microorganisms.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?.

Solutions for Direction: Read the following passage carefully, and answer the questions that follow.In a surreal landscape of colours, dominated by luminescent ponds of yellows and greens, boiling hot water bubbles up like a cauldron, whilst poisonous chlorine and sulphur gases choke the air. Known as the "gateway to hell", the Danakil Depression in Ethiopia is scorchingly hot and one of the most alien places on Earth. Yet a recent expedition to the region has found it is teeming with life.In the heart of the Horn of Africa, the Danakil Depression is one of the most inhospitable and least-studied locations in the world. It lies over 330ft (100m) below sea level in a volcanic area in north-west Ethiopia, close to the border with Eritrea, aptly named "Afar". It is part of the East African Rift System, a place where the Earth's internal forces are currently tearing apart three continental plates, creating new land.The violent landscape is arguably the hottest place on the planet, and one of the driest. The temperature regularly reaches 45C (113F). It rarely rains, but seas of molten magma ooze just beneath the crust's surface. There are two highly active volcanoes: one of them, Erta Ale, is one of only a handful of volcanoes to have an active, bubbling lava lake at its core. The area is also littered with acid ponds and geysers, and features a deep crater called Dallol. The vibrant colours are a result of rain and seawater from the nearby coast being heated by magma and rising up. The salt from the seawater reacts with the volcanic minerals creating dazzling colours. Sulphur and salt react to form bright yellow chimneys, while copper salts create bright turquoise.Since 2013, a team of scientists has begun studying the region. Barbara Cavalazzi from the University of Bologna in Italy is part of the team and has been conducting expeditions in Danakil since 2013. "The environment is very extreme," she says. "On average, the temperature over there around lunchtime can reach 48C (118F). One time we measured 55C (131F)."The first few expeditions in 2013 were simply focused on figuring out how to work in Danakil. "You can't bring a fridge or chemicals to store samples in, so you need to think very hard and plan what you are going to do," says Cavalazzi. In spring 2016, the researchers finally began collecting samples from the hot springs and pools, hoping they would contain life. They also measured the temperatures and pH of the pools. They returned in January 2017 to collect more samples.In March 2017, Cavalazzi's lab and their colleagues found life in Danakil, after they managed to isolate and extract DNA from bacteria. They found that the bacteria are "polyextremophiles", which means they are adapted to extreme acidity, high temperatures and high salinity all at once. It is the first absolute confirmation of microbial life in the Danakil acidic pools. In as-yet-unpublished research, the team found two separate forms of bacterial life in two separate areas of the site: the salt springs and pools inside the Dallol crater, which are characterised by bright colours, acidity and boiling temperatures; and in a small lake outside the Dallol crater.Microbes discovered in Yellowstone and other hydrothermal environments have evolved adaptations to help them survive. These include having proteins and enzymes that are more chemically stable at higher temperatures. This can be achieved by having more bonds and connections between amino acids, the building blocks that make up proteins. It may be that the bacteria in the Danakil Depression hot springs have acquired similar adaptations.Whatever the case, the scientists' findings may help us understand how life could have arisen on other planets and moons. "On Mars, you have mineral deposits and sulphate deposits similar to those seen in the Danakil Depression. You also have active brine flowing periodically," says Cavalazzi.Cavalazzi suspects we have not exhausted life's ability to endure extremes. She points to "the diversity and versatility of microbial metabolisms" and "the extraordinary physiological capacities of many microorganisms to colonise any habitat". Quite possibly, there are extreme ecosystems on Earth that we have not yet found.Q. It can be inferred from the scientists' findings about the Danakil Depression that:a)Since both Mars and the Danakil Depression have similar conditions, and the latter supports life, Mars might support life as well.b)Both Mars and the Danakil Depression have similar conditions which were brought into effect by likewise natural causes.c)Since life has a high tolerance to endure extreme conditions, it is possible for humans to inhabit areas like the Danakil Depression as well.d)Both Yellowstone and the Danakil Depression contain the same strains of microorganisms.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? in English & in Hindi are available as part of our courses for CAT. Download more important topics, notes, lectures and mock test series for CAT Exam by signing up for free.

Here you can find the meaning of Direction: Read the following passage carefully, and answer the questions that follow.In a surreal landscape of colours, dominated by luminescent ponds of yellows and greens, boiling hot water bubbles up like a cauldron, whilst poisonous chlorine and sulphur gases choke the air. Known as the "gateway to hell", the Danakil Depression in Ethiopia is scorchingly hot and one of the most alien places on Earth. Yet a recent expedition to the region has found it is teeming with life.In the heart of the Horn of Africa, the Danakil Depression is one of the most inhospitable and least-studied locations in the world. It lies over 330ft (100m) below sea level in a volcanic area in north-west Ethiopia, close to the border with Eritrea, aptly named "Afar". It is part of the East African Rift System, a place where the Earth's internal forces are currently tearing apart three continental plates, creating new land.The violent landscape is arguably the hottest place on the planet, and one of the driest. The temperature regularly reaches 45C (113F). It rarely rains, but seas of molten magma ooze just beneath the crust's surface. There are two highly active volcanoes: one of them, Erta Ale, is one of only a handful of volcanoes to have an active, bubbling lava lake at its core. The area is also littered with acid ponds and geysers, and features a deep crater called Dallol. The vibrant colours are a result of rain and seawater from the nearby coast being heated by magma and rising up. The salt from the seawater reacts with the volcanic minerals creating dazzling colours. Sulphur and salt react to form bright yellow chimneys, while copper salts create bright turquoise.Since 2013, a team of scientists has begun studying the region. Barbara Cavalazzi from the University of Bologna in Italy is part of the team and has been conducting expeditions in Danakil since 2013. "The environment is very extreme," she says. "On average, the temperature over there around lunchtime can reach 48C (118F). One time we measured 55C (131F)."The first few expeditions in 2013 were simply focused on figuring out how to work in Danakil. "You can't bring a fridge or chemicals to store samples in, so you need to think very hard and plan what you are going to do," says Cavalazzi. In spring 2016, the researchers finally began collecting samples from the hot springs and pools, hoping they would contain life. They also measured the temperatures and pH of the pools. They returned in January 2017 to collect more samples.In March 2017, Cavalazzi's lab and their colleagues found life in Danakil, after they managed to isolate and extract DNA from bacteria. They found that the bacteria are "polyextremophiles", which means they are adapted to extreme acidity, high temperatures and high salinity all at once. It is the first absolute confirmation of microbial life in the Danakil acidic pools. In as-yet-unpublished research, the team found two separate forms of bacterial life in two separate areas of the site: the salt springs and pools inside the Dallol crater, which are characterised by bright colours, acidity and boiling temperatures; and in a small lake outside the Dallol crater.Microbes discovered in Yellowstone and other hydrothermal environments have evolved adaptations to help them survive. These include having proteins and enzymes that are more chemically stable at higher temperatures. This can be achieved by having more bonds and connections between amino acids, the building blocks that make up proteins. It may be that the bacteria in the Danakil Depression hot springs have acquired similar adaptations.Whatever the case, the scientists' findings may help us understand how life could have arisen on other planets and moons. "On Mars, you have mineral deposits and sulphate deposits similar to those seen in the Danakil Depression. You also have active brine flowing periodically," says Cavalazzi.Cavalazzi suspects we have not exhausted life's ability to endure extremes. She points to "the diversity and versatility of microbial metabolisms" and "the extraordinary physiological capacities of many microorganisms to colonise any habitat". Quite possibly, there are extreme ecosystems on Earth that we have not yet found.Q. It can be inferred from the scientists' findings about the Danakil Depression that:a)Since both Mars and the Danakil Depression have similar conditions, and the latter supports life, Mars might support life as well.b)Both Mars and the Danakil Depression have similar conditions which were brought into effect by likewise natural causes.c)Since life has a high tolerance to endure extreme conditions, it is possible for humans to inhabit areas like the Danakil Depression as well.d)Both Yellowstone and the Danakil Depression contain the same strains of microorganisms.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? defined & explained in the simplest way possible. Besides giving the explanation of Direction: Read the following passage carefully, and answer the questions that follow.In a surreal landscape of colours, dominated by luminescent ponds of yellows and greens, boiling hot water bubbles up like a cauldron, whilst poisonous chlorine and sulphur gases choke the air. Known as the "gateway to hell", the Danakil Depression in Ethiopia is scorchingly hot and one of the most alien places on Earth. Yet a recent expedition to the region has found it is teeming with life.In the heart of the Horn of Africa, the Danakil Depression is one of the most inhospitable and least-studied locations in the world. It lies over 330ft (100m) below sea level in a volcanic area in north-west Ethiopia, close to the border with Eritrea, aptly named "Afar". It is part of the East African Rift System, a place where the Earth's internal forces are currently tearing apart three continental plates, creating new land.The violent landscape is arguably the hottest place on the planet, and one of the driest. The temperature regularly reaches 45C (113F). It rarely rains, but seas of molten magma ooze just beneath the crust's surface. There are two highly active volcanoes: one of them, Erta Ale, is one of only a handful of volcanoes to have an active, bubbling lava lake at its core. The area is also littered with acid ponds and geysers, and features a deep crater called Dallol. The vibrant colours are a result of rain and seawater from the nearby coast being heated by magma and rising up. The salt from the seawater reacts with the volcanic minerals creating dazzling colours. Sulphur and salt react to form bright yellow chimneys, while copper salts create bright turquoise.Since 2013, a team of scientists has begun studying the region. Barbara Cavalazzi from the University of Bologna in Italy is part of the team and has been conducting expeditions in Danakil since 2013. "The environment is very extreme," she says. "On average, the temperature over there around lunchtime can reach 48C (118F). One time we measured 55C (131F)."The first few expeditions in 2013 were simply focused on figuring out how to work in Danakil. "You can't bring a fridge or chemicals to store samples in, so you need to think very hard and plan what you are going to do," says Cavalazzi. In spring 2016, the researchers finally began collecting samples from the hot springs and pools, hoping they would contain life. They also measured the temperatures and pH of the pools. They returned in January 2017 to collect more samples.In March 2017, Cavalazzi's lab and their colleagues found life in Danakil, after they managed to isolate and extract DNA from bacteria. They found that the bacteria are "polyextremophiles", which means they are adapted to extreme acidity, high temperatures and high salinity all at once. It is the first absolute confirmation of microbial life in the Danakil acidic pools. In as-yet-unpublished research, the team found two separate forms of bacterial life in two separate areas of the site: the salt springs and pools inside the Dallol crater, which are characterised by bright colours, acidity and boiling temperatures; and in a small lake outside the Dallol crater.Microbes discovered in Yellowstone and other hydrothermal environments have evolved adaptations to help them survive. These include having proteins and enzymes that are more chemically stable at higher temperatures. This can be achieved by having more bonds and connections between amino acids, the building blocks that make up proteins. It may be that the bacteria in the Danakil Depression hot springs have acquired similar adaptations.Whatever the case, the scientists' findings may help us understand how life could have arisen on other planets and moons. "On Mars, you have mineral deposits and sulphate deposits similar to those seen in the Danakil Depression. You also have active brine flowing periodically," says Cavalazzi.Cavalazzi suspects we have not exhausted life's ability to endure extremes. She points to "the diversity and versatility of microbial metabolisms" and "the extraordinary physiological capacities of many microorganisms to colonise any habitat". Quite possibly, there are extreme ecosystems on Earth that we have not yet found.Q. It can be inferred from the scientists' findings about the Danakil Depression that:a)Since both Mars and the Danakil Depression have similar conditions, and the latter supports life, Mars might support life as well.b)Both Mars and the Danakil Depression have similar conditions which were brought into effect by likewise natural causes.c)Since life has a high tolerance to endure extreme conditions, it is possible for humans to inhabit areas like the Danakil Depression as well.d)Both Yellowstone and the Danakil Depression contain the same strains of microorganisms.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?, a detailed solution for Direction: Read the following passage carefully, and answer the questions that follow.In a surreal landscape of colours, dominated by luminescent ponds of yellows and greens, boiling hot water bubbles up like a cauldron, whilst poisonous chlorine and sulphur gases choke the air. Known as the "gateway to hell", the Danakil Depression in Ethiopia is scorchingly hot and one of the most alien places on Earth. Yet a recent expedition to the region has found it is teeming with life.In the heart of the Horn of Africa, the Danakil Depression is one of the most inhospitable and least-studied locations in the world. It lies over 330ft (100m) below sea level in a volcanic area in north-west Ethiopia, close to the border with Eritrea, aptly named "Afar". It is part of the East African Rift System, a place where the Earth's internal forces are currently tearing apart three continental plates, creating new land.The violent landscape is arguably the hottest place on the planet, and one of the driest. The temperature regularly reaches 45C (113F). It rarely rains, but seas of molten magma ooze just beneath the crust's surface. There are two highly active volcanoes: one of them, Erta Ale, is one of only a handful of volcanoes to have an active, bubbling lava lake at its core. The area is also littered with acid ponds and geysers, and features a deep crater called Dallol. The vibrant colours are a result of rain and seawater from the nearby coast being heated by magma and rising up. The salt from the seawater reacts with the volcanic minerals creating dazzling colours. Sulphur and salt react to form bright yellow chimneys, while copper salts create bright turquoise.Since 2013, a team of scientists has begun studying the region. Barbara Cavalazzi from the University of Bologna in Italy is part of the team and has been conducting expeditions in Danakil since 2013. "The environment is very extreme," she says. "On average, the temperature over there around lunchtime can reach 48C (118F). One time we measured 55C (131F)."The first few expeditions in 2013 were simply focused on figuring out how to work in Danakil. "You can't bring a fridge or chemicals to store samples in, so you need to think very hard and plan what you are going to do," says Cavalazzi. In spring 2016, the researchers finally began collecting samples from the hot springs and pools, hoping they would contain life. They also measured the temperatures and pH of the pools. They returned in January 2017 to collect more samples.In March 2017, Cavalazzi's lab and their colleagues found life in Danakil, after they managed to isolate and extract DNA from bacteria. They found that the bacteria are "polyextremophiles", which means they are adapted to extreme acidity, high temperatures and high salinity all at once. It is the first absolute confirmation of microbial life in the Danakil acidic pools. In as-yet-unpublished research, the team found two separate forms of bacterial life in two separate areas of the site: the salt springs and pools inside the Dallol crater, which are characterised by bright colours, acidity and boiling temperatures; and in a small lake outside the Dallol crater.Microbes discovered in Yellowstone and other hydrothermal environments have evolved adaptations to help them survive. These include having proteins and enzymes that are more chemically stable at higher temperatures. This can be achieved by having more bonds and connections between amino acids, the building blocks that make up proteins. It may be that the bacteria in the Danakil Depression hot springs have acquired similar adaptations.Whatever the case, the scientists' findings may help us understand how life could have arisen on other planets and moons. "On Mars, you have mineral deposits and sulphate deposits similar to those seen in the Danakil Depression. You also have active brine flowing periodically," says Cavalazzi.Cavalazzi suspects we have not exhausted life's ability to endure extremes. She points to "the diversity and versatility of microbial metabolisms" and "the extraordinary physiological capacities of many microorganisms to colonise any habitat". Quite possibly, there are extreme ecosystems on Earth that we have not yet found.Q. It can be inferred from the scientists' findings about the Danakil Depression that:a)Since both Mars and the Danakil Depression have similar conditions, and the latter supports life, Mars might support life as well.b)Both Mars and the Danakil Depression have similar conditions which were brought into effect by likewise natural causes.c)Since life has a high tolerance to endure extreme conditions, it is possible for humans to inhabit areas like the Danakil Depression as well.d)Both Yellowstone and the Danakil Depression contain the same strains of microorganisms.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? has been provided alongside types of Direction: Read the following passage carefully, and answer the questions that follow.In a surreal landscape of colours, dominated by luminescent ponds of yellows and greens, boiling hot water bubbles up like a cauldron, whilst poisonous chlorine and sulphur gases choke the air. Known as the "gateway to hell", the Danakil Depression in Ethiopia is scorchingly hot and one of the most alien places on Earth. Yet a recent expedition to the region has found it is teeming with life.In the heart of the Horn of Africa, the Danakil Depression is one of the most inhospitable and least-studied locations in the world. It lies over 330ft (100m) below sea level in a volcanic area in north-west Ethiopia, close to the border with Eritrea, aptly named "Afar". It is part of the East African Rift System, a place where the Earth's internal forces are currently tearing apart three continental plates, creating new land.The violent landscape is arguably the hottest place on the planet, and one of the driest. The temperature regularly reaches 45C (113F). It rarely rains, but seas of molten magma ooze just beneath the crust's surface. There are two highly active volcanoes: one of them, Erta Ale, is one of only a handful of volcanoes to have an active, bubbling lava lake at its core. The area is also littered with acid ponds and geysers, and features a deep crater called Dallol. The vibrant colours are a result of rain and seawater from the nearby coast being heated by magma and rising up. The salt from the seawater reacts with the volcanic minerals creating dazzling colours. Sulphur and salt react to form bright yellow chimneys, while copper salts create bright turquoise.Since 2013, a team of scientists has begun studying the region. Barbara Cavalazzi from the University of Bologna in Italy is part of the team and has been conducting expeditions in Danakil since 2013. "The environment is very extreme," she says. "On average, the temperature over there around lunchtime can reach 48C (118F). One time we measured 55C (131F)."The first few expeditions in 2013 were simply focused on figuring out how to work in Danakil. "You can't bring a fridge or chemicals to store samples in, so you need to think very hard and plan what you are going to do," says Cavalazzi. In spring 2016, the researchers finally began collecting samples from the hot springs and pools, hoping they would contain life. They also measured the temperatures and pH of the pools. They returned in January 2017 to collect more samples.In March 2017, Cavalazzi's lab and their colleagues found life in Danakil, after they managed to isolate and extract DNA from bacteria. They found that the bacteria are "polyextremophiles", which means they are adapted to extreme acidity, high temperatures and high salinity all at once. It is the first absolute confirmation of microbial life in the Danakil acidic pools. In as-yet-unpublished research, the team found two separate forms of bacterial life in two separate areas of the site: the salt springs and pools inside the Dallol crater, which are characterised by bright colours, acidity and boiling temperatures; and in a small lake outside the Dallol crater.Microbes discovered in Yellowstone and other hydrothermal environments have evolved adaptations to help them survive. These include having proteins and enzymes that are more chemically stable at higher temperatures. This can be achieved by having more bonds and connections between amino acids, the building blocks that make up proteins. It may be that the bacteria in the Danakil Depression hot springs have acquired similar adaptations.Whatever the case, the scientists' findings may help us understand how life could have arisen on other planets and moons. "On Mars, you have mineral deposits and sulphate deposits similar to those seen in the Danakil Depression. You also have active brine flowing periodically," says Cavalazzi.Cavalazzi suspects we have not exhausted life's ability to endure extremes. She points to "the diversity and versatility of microbial metabolisms" and "the extraordinary physiological capacities of many microorganisms to colonise any habitat". Quite possibly, there are extreme ecosystems on Earth that we have not yet found.Q. It can be inferred from the scientists' findings about the Danakil Depression that:a)Since both Mars and the Danakil Depression have similar conditions, and the latter supports life, Mars might support life as well.b)Both Mars and the Danakil Depression have similar conditions which were brought into effect by likewise natural causes.c)Since life has a high tolerance to endure extreme conditions, it is possible for humans to inhabit areas like the Danakil Depression as well.d)Both Yellowstone and the Danakil Depression contain the same strains of microorganisms.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? theory, EduRev gives you an ample number of questions to practice Direction: Read the following passage carefully, and answer the questions that follow.In a surreal landscape of colours, dominated by luminescent ponds of yellows and greens, boiling hot water bubbles up like a cauldron, whilst poisonous chlorine and sulphur gases choke the air. Known as the "gateway to hell", the Danakil Depression in Ethiopia is scorchingly hot and one of the most alien places on Earth. Yet a recent expedition to the region has found it is teeming with life.In the heart of the Horn of Africa, the Danakil Depression is one of the most inhospitable and least-studied locations in the world. It lies over 330ft (100m) below sea level in a volcanic area in north-west Ethiopia, close to the border with Eritrea, aptly named "Afar". It is part of the East African Rift System, a place where the Earth's internal forces are currently tearing apart three continental plates, creating new land.The violent landscape is arguably the hottest place on the planet, and one of the driest. The temperature regularly reaches 45C (113F). It rarely rains, but seas of molten magma ooze just beneath the crust's surface. There are two highly active volcanoes: one of them, Erta Ale, is one of only a handful of volcanoes to have an active, bubbling lava lake at its core. The area is also littered with acid ponds and geysers, and features a deep crater called Dallol. The vibrant colours are a result of rain and seawater from the nearby coast being heated by magma and rising up. The salt from the seawater reacts with the volcanic minerals creating dazzling colours. Sulphur and salt react to form bright yellow chimneys, while copper salts create bright turquoise.Since 2013, a team of scientists has begun studying the region. Barbara Cavalazzi from the University of Bologna in Italy is part of the team and has been conducting expeditions in Danakil since 2013. "The environment is very extreme," she says. "On average, the temperature over there around lunchtime can reach 48C (118F). One time we measured 55C (131F)."The first few expeditions in 2013 were simply focused on figuring out how to work in Danakil. "You can't bring a fridge or chemicals to store samples in, so you need to think very hard and plan what you are going to do," says Cavalazzi. In spring 2016, the researchers finally began collecting samples from the hot springs and pools, hoping they would contain life. They also measured the temperatures and pH of the pools. They returned in January 2017 to collect more samples.In March 2017, Cavalazzi's lab and their colleagues found life in Danakil, after they managed to isolate and extract DNA from bacteria. They found that the bacteria are "polyextremophiles", which means they are adapted to extreme acidity, high temperatures and high salinity all at once. It is the first absolute confirmation of microbial life in the Danakil acidic pools. In as-yet-unpublished research, the team found two separate forms of bacterial life in two separate areas of the site: the salt springs and pools inside the Dallol crater, which are characterised by bright colours, acidity and boiling temperatures; and in a small lake outside the Dallol crater.Microbes discovered in Yellowstone and other hydrothermal environments have evolved adaptations to help them survive. These include having proteins and enzymes that are more chemically stable at higher temperatures. This can be achieved by having more bonds and connections between amino acids, the building blocks that make up proteins. It may be that the bacteria in the Danakil Depression hot springs have acquired similar adaptations.Whatever the case, the scientists' findings may help us understand how life could have arisen on other planets and moons. "On Mars, you have mineral deposits and sulphate deposits similar to those seen in the Danakil Depression. You also have active brine flowing periodically," says Cavalazzi.Cavalazzi suspects we have not exhausted life's ability to endure extremes. She points to "the diversity and versatility of microbial metabolisms" and "the extraordinary physiological capacities of many microorganisms to colonise any habitat". Quite possibly, there are extreme ecosystems on Earth that we have not yet found.Q. It can be inferred from the scientists' findings about the Danakil Depression that:a)Since both Mars and the Danakil Depression have similar conditions, and the latter supports life, Mars might support life as well.b)Both Mars and the Danakil Depression have similar conditions which were brought into effect by likewise natural causes.c)Since life has a high tolerance to endure extreme conditions, it is possible for humans to inhabit areas like the Danakil Depression as well.d)Both Yellowstone and the Danakil Depression contain the same strains of microorganisms.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? tests, examples and also practice CAT tests.