Separation of Mixtures: Sand and Paper Clips

Introduction:
Separation of substances is the process of removing one or more components from a mixture. In this case, we need to separate sand and paper clips.

Materials Required:
- Mixture of sand and paper clips
- Magnet
- Filter paper
- Funnel
- Beaker
- Water

Procedure:
1. Using a Magnet:
- Spread the mixture of sand and paper clips on a flat surface.
- Bring a magnet close to the mixture.
- The paper clips, being magnetic, will be attracted to the magnet and can be easily separated from the sand.
- Repeat this process until all the paper clips are separated.

2. Filtration:
- Take the remaining mixture (sand) and transfer it into a beaker.
- Place a funnel on top of the beaker and line it with filter paper.
- Slowly pour the mixture into the funnel.
- The sand particles, being larger in size, will be retained on the filter paper while the water passes through.
- Allow the water to completely pass through the funnel.
- Carefully remove the filter paper with the sand particles from the funnel.
- Place the filter paper with the sand on a flat surface to dry.

Observation and Conclusion:
- By using a magnet, the paper clips were separated from the sand due to their magnetic property.
- By using filtration, the sand was separated from the water as sand particles are larger and get trapped in the filter paper.
- The separated substances can now be collected and used individually.

Tips and Precautions:
- Use a strong magnet to ensure effective separation of paper clips.
- Make sure the filter paper is properly placed in the funnel to prevent any sand particles from escaping.
- Clean the magnet after each use to avoid contamination and ensure accurate separation.
- Handle the paper clips and magnet with care to prevent any injuries.

Name the four powerful Mahajanapadas