Nationalism in India:

Introduction:
- The idea of nationalism in India was shaped during the struggle for independence from British rule.
- It was based on the principles of unity, self-rule, and the restoration of India's cultural identity.

Factors contributing to the rise of nationalism:
- British colonial policies, such as the partition of Bengal in 1905 and the implementation of the Rowlatt Act in 1919, created resentment among Indians.
- The influence of western education and ideas of democracy and equality also contributed to the rise of nationalism.
- Leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Subhas Chandra Bose played a significant role in mobilizing the masses.

The role of political parties:
- The Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, was the most prominent political party working towards independence.
- Other parties such as the Muslim League and the Communist Party of India also played a role in the freedom struggle.

Methods of protest:
- Non-violent methods such as civil disobedience, boycotts, and strikes were used to protest against British rule.
- The Salt Satyagraha, led by Mahatma Gandhi, was a significant movement that highlighted the power of non-violent resistance.

The impact of nationalism:
- The struggle for independence in India inspired other colonized nations to fight for their freedom.
- The formation of the Indian Constitution in 1950, which established India as a democratic republic, was a significant achievement of the nationalist movement.

French Revolution:

Introduction:
- The French Revolution was a period of radical political and social upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799.
- It was characterized by the overthrow of the monarchy, the establishment of a republic, and the Reign of Terror.

Causes of the French Revolution:
- The French monarchy was facing financial difficulties due to wars and extravagance.
- The French society was divided into three estates, with the third estate, which comprised the common people, bearing the burden of taxes and poverty.

Events of the French Revolution:
- The storming of the Bastille, a prison symbolizing royal tyranny, on July 14, 1789, marked the beginning of the revolution.
- The Reign of Terror, led by Maximilien Robespierre, was a period of violence and bloodshed, resulting in the execution of thousands of people.

Impact of the French Revolution:
- The French Revolution had a significant impact on the world, inspiring other revolutionary movements and the spread of democratic ideals.
- The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, adopted in 1789, remains a cornerstone of modern democracy and human rights.