Introduction to the Doctrine of Lapse
The Doctrine of Lapse was a policy implemented by the British East India Company in the 19th century, primarily under Lord Dalhousie. This policy significantly impacted the princely states of India.
Key Features of the Doctrine of Lapse
- Annexation of States: If a ruler of a princely state died without a male heir, the British could annex the territory to their empire.
- Legitimacy of Succession: The British rejected the claims of adopted heirs, asserting that only biological successors were legitimate.
- Expansion of British Rule: This doctrine facilitated the expansion of British control over Indian states, allowing them to increase their territories without significant military confrontation.
Impact on Indian Kingdoms
- Loss of Sovereignty: Many Indian rulers lost their kingdoms, leading to a loss of power and influence.
- Resistance and Rebellion: The policy incited resentment among the Indian princes, culminating in widespread unrest and contributing to the Revolt of 1857.
Examples of the Doctrine in Action
- Satara (1848): The first state annexed under this policy after the death of its ruler without a male heir.
- Jhansi (1853): The annexation of Jhansi further fueled dissatisfaction, as the queen, Rani Lakshmibai, became a symbol of resistance against British rule.
Conclusion
The Doctrine of Lapse exemplifies the aggressive expansionist policies of the British East India Company, highlighting the tensions between colonial powers and Indian princely states. Its legacy is a crucial chapter in understanding the dynamics that led to the eventual struggle for independence in India.

Lord Dalhousie devised a policy that came to be known as Doctrine of lapse. The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir in his kingdom would 'lapse', that is become part of company territory.