Organizational-Environmental Theories

Organizational-environmental theories focus on the relationship between an organization and its external environment. There are several theories that fall under this category, including the open-systems view, contingency theory, the theory of bureaucracy, and theory Z.

I. The Open-Systems View
The open-systems view suggests that organizations are dynamic entities that interact with their environment. They take inputs from the environment, transform them, and then release them back into the environment as outputs. Organizations must adapt to changes in their environment to survive and thrive.

II. Contingency Theory
Contingency theory suggests that the best way to organize a business depends on the specific situation. There is no one "best" way to organize a business. Instead, the organization structure and management practices should be tailored to fit the specific circumstances of the business.

III. The Theory of Bureaucracy
The theory of bureaucracy suggests that organizations should be structured hierarchically, with clear lines of authority and standardized procedures. This approach is designed to promote efficiency and consistency in decision-making.

IV. Theory Z
Theory Z is a management approach that combines the best of Western and Japanese management practices. It emphasizes teamwork, employee involvement, and long-term employment. This approach is designed to promote employee commitment and loyalty to the organization.

Answer
The correct answer is option 'A' (I and II). The open-systems view and contingency theory are both organizational-environmental theories. The theory of bureaucracy and theory Z are not specifically organizational-environmental theories, as they do not focus on the relationship between an organization and its external environment.