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In vulcanisation process, rubber can be hardened by adding -
  • a)
    Nitrogen  
  • b)
    Silicon
  • c)
    Sulphur
  • d)
    Alcohol
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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In vulcanisation process, rubber can be hardened by adding -a)Nitrogen...
In order to give more strength and more elasticity, natural rubber is heated with sulphur or sulphur compounds at 150°C temperature. Vulcanized rubber has good tensile strength.
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In vulcanisation process, rubber can be hardened by adding -a)Nitrogen...
Rubber Hardening through Vulcanisation Process

Vulcanisation is a chemical process used to harden rubber by adding sulphur. It involves the cross-linking of rubber molecules through the formation of chemical bonds, resulting in improved elasticity, strength, and durability of the material.

Process of Vulcanisation:
1. Cross-linking: The vulcanisation process starts by adding sulphur to the raw rubber. The sulphur molecules react with the rubber polymer chains, forming cross-links between them. These cross-links create a three-dimensional network, giving the rubber its desired properties.
2. Heat and Pressure: Once the sulphur is added, the rubber is exposed to heat and pressure. The combination of heat and pressure accelerates the vulcanisation process, allowing the sulphur to effectively cross-link the rubber chains.
3. Curing: The rubber is then cured in a mold or under controlled conditions to maintain its shape and improve its mechanical properties. The curing process allows the sulphur to fully react with the rubber, creating a stable and durable product.

Importance of Sulphur:
Sulphur is a crucial component in the vulcanisation process due to its ability to form strong chemical bonds with the rubber polymer chains. These bonds, known as sulphur bridges or cross-links, provide stability and strength to the rubber material. Without the presence of sulphur, the rubber would remain soft and tacky, lacking the desired mechanical properties.

Advantages of Vulcanised Rubber:
1. Improved Strength: Vulcanisation increases the tensile strength of rubber, making it more resistant to stretching and tearing.
2. Enhanced Elasticity: The cross-links formed during vulcanisation allow the rubber to recover its original shape after being deformed, thus improving its elasticity.
3. Resistance to Heat and Chemicals: Vulcanised rubber exhibits greater resistance to heat, chemicals, and environmental factors, making it suitable for various applications.
4. Reduced Swelling and Softening: Vulcanisation reduces the tendency of rubber to swell or soften when exposed to solvents or oils, enhancing its durability.

In conclusion, the addition of sulphur in the vulcanisation process is essential for hardening rubber. Sulphur forms cross-links between rubber polymer chains, resulting in improved strength, elasticity, and resistance to heat and chemicals. Vulcanised rubber offers numerous advantages over raw rubber, making it a widely used material in various industries.
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Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows:Wetlands are indeed the vital link between water and land. It is the collective term for marshes, swamps, and bogs, found along the edges of streams, rivers, lakes and coastlines. Wetlands can be found in nearly every country and climatic zone. Indeed, wetlands are found from the Tundra to the Tropics and on every continent. They are so varied. Some are wet all the time. Some wetlands are large and some are very small. Many have been altered by human activities such as farming, building of roads, dams and towns. Wetlands are regarded wastelands sources of mosquitoes, flies, snakes and diseases. People had negative views about them and they eliminated them. Original wetlands have been destroyed; some of them have been converted into farmland, some others filled by industrial wastes.Wetlands vary widely because of topography, climate, hydrology, water chemistry and vegetation. Wetlands are the coastal mangrove forests, lake marshes and seasonally flooded lands along river courses. Palm swamps, sea grass beds, salt flats, and coral reefs are common wetlands. They are of two types: tidal wetlands and non-tidal (inlan d) wetlands. Tidal wetlands are found along the Atlantic, Pacific, Alaskan and Gulf Coasts. The salt water and fluctuating water levels create a difficult environment. Some plants have adapted to the environment of saline conditions. Inland wetlands are common in the margins of lakes and rivers. They include wet meadows dominated by herbaceous plants, swamps and shrubs and tall trees. The prolonged presence of water favours the growth of specially adapted plants.States and tribes play a critical role in the protection and management of wetlands. With the growth of education, people have started understanding ecological processes and their attitudes towards wetlands have changed. They have recognised the ecological significance of the wetlands, which are a source of valuable natural wealth. They help regulate water levels within watersheds; reduce flood and storm damages; and provide fish and wildlife habitat. They support hunting, fishing and other recreational activities.Wetlands are the most productive ecosystems in the world. They have been described as biological supermarkets as they provide great volumes of food and attract many animal species. A variety of insects, amphibians, reptiles, birds, fish and mammals are found in these wetlands. Many species of birds, animals, rely on wetlands for food, water and shelter. The microbes, insects and wildlife are part of global cycles for water, nitrogen, and sulphur. They store carbon within their plant communities, and thus, help to moderate climate conditions.Q. How can wetlands help reduce the intensity of global warming?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows:Wetlands are indeed the vital link between water and land. It is the collective term for marshes, swamps, and bogs, found along the edges of streams, rivers, lakes and coastlines. Wetlands can be found in nearly every country and climatic zone. Indeed, wetlands are found from the Tundra to the Tropics and on every continent. They are so varied. Some are wet all the time. Some wetlands are large and some are very small. Many have been altered by human activities such as farming, building of roads, dams and towns. Wetlands are regarded wastelands sources of mosquitoes, flies, snakes and diseases. People had negative views about them and they eliminated them. Original wetlands have been destroyed; some of them have been converted into farmland, some others filled by industrial wastes.Wetlands vary widely because of topography, climate, hydrology, water chemistry and vegetation. Wetlands are the coastal mangrove forests, lake marshes and seasonally flooded lands along river courses. Palm swamps, sea grass beds, salt flats, and coral reefs are common wetlands. They are of two types: tidal wetlands and non-tidal (inlan d) wetlands. Tidal wetlands are found along the Atlantic, Pacific, Alaskan and Gulf Coasts. The salt water and fluctuating water levels create a difficult environment. Some plants have adapted to the environment of saline conditions. Inland wetlands are common in the margins of lakes and rivers. They include wet meadows dominated by herbaceous plants, swamps and shrubs and tall trees. The prolonged presence of water favours the growth of specially adapted plants.States and tribes play a critical role in the protection and management of wetlands. With the growth of education, people have started understanding ecological processes and their attitudes towards wetlands have changed. They have recognised the ecological significance of the wetlands, which are a source of valuable natural wealth. They help regulate water levels within watersheds; reduce flood and storm damages; and provide fish and wildlife habitat. They support hunting, fishing and other recreational activities.Wetlands are the most productive ecosystems in the world. They have been described as biological supermarkets as they provide great volumes of food and attract many animal species. A variety of insects, amphibians, reptiles, birds, fish and mammals are found in these wetlands. Many species of birds, animals, rely on wetlands for food, water and shelter. The microbes, insects and wildlife are part of global cycles for water, nitrogen, and sulphur. They store carbon within their plant communities, and thus, help to moderate climate conditions.Q. How can wetlands help reduce the intensity of global warming?

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In vulcanisation process, rubber can be hardened by adding -a)Nitrogen b)Siliconc)Sulphurd)AlcoholCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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