At a sudden expansion in a horizontal pipea)total energy line rises in...
Expansion in a Horizontal Pipe and the Effect on Energy Lines
When fluid flows through a pipe, it possesses different forms of energy, including pressure energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy. The fluid's total energy can be defined as the sum of these three energies. The energy lines illustrate the distribution of total energy along the pipe's length, while the hydraulic grade line (H.G.L) represents the pressure energy distribution.
At a sudden expansion in a horizontal pipe, the flow area increases, causing a change in the fluid's velocity and pressure distribution, resulting in the following effects:
H.G.L rises in the direction of flow
The hydraulic grade line (H.G.L) represents the pressure energy distribution, and it is a measure of the pressure head of the fluid. At a sudden expansion, the flow area increases, causing a decrease in the fluid's velocity and an increase in its pressure. This increase in pressure causes the H.G.L to rise in the direction of flow.
Total energy line rises in the direction of flow
The total energy line (T.E.L) represents the sum of all three forms of energy, including pressure, kinetic, and potential energies. At a sudden expansion, the flow area increases, causing a decrease in the fluid's velocity and an increase in pressure. This increase in pressure causes the T.E.L to rise in the direction of flow.
Velocity head decreasing in the direction of flow
The velocity head is the kinetic energy of the fluid per unit weight. At a sudden expansion, the flow area increases, causing a decrease in the fluid's velocity. This decrease in velocity causes the velocity head to decrease in the direction of flow.
Conclusion
In conclusion, at a sudden expansion in a horizontal pipe, the flow area increases, causing a decrease in the fluid's velocity and an increase in its pressure. This increase in pressure causes the H.G.L and T.E.L to rise in the direction of flow, while the velocity head decreases in the direction of flow.