Razia Sultan, the first and last female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, belonged to the Mamluk dynasty.

Explanation:
The Delhi Sultanate was a Muslim dynasty that ruled over parts of the Indian subcontinent from the 13th to the 16th century. It was founded by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, a former slave who became a trusted general of Muhammad of Ghor. After Muhammad's death, Qutb-ud-din Aibak established the Delhi Sultanate and became its first ruler.

The Delhi Sultanate was divided into five dynasties, namely the Mamluk, Khalji, Tughlaq, Sayyid, and Lodi dynasties. Each dynasty had its own set of rulers who succeeded each other.

Razia Sultan, born as Razia al-Din, was the daughter of Sultan Iltutmish, who belonged to the Mamluk dynasty. Iltutmish was the third ruler of the Delhi Sultanate and he appointed Razia as his successor, breaking the tradition of male-only succession. After Iltutmish's death in 1236, Razia ascended to the throne, becoming the first female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate.

During her reign, Razia Sultan faced opposition from the nobles and faced numerous challenges to maintain her authority. Despite her efforts to rule efficiently and justly, she was eventually overthrown and killed in 1240. With her death, the Mamluk dynasty came to an end, and the Delhi Sultanate was later ruled by the Khalji dynasty.

In conclusion, Razia Sultan, the first and last female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, belonged to the Mamluk dynasty. Her reign marked a significant moment in the history of the Delhi Sultanate as she challenged the tradition of male-only succession.