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A D flip-flop utilizing a PGT clock is in the CLEAR state. Which of the following input actions will cause it to change states?
  • a)
    CLK = NGT, D = 0
  • b)
    CLK = PGT, D = 0
  • c)
    CLOCK NGT, D = 1
  • d)
    CLOCK PGT, D = 1
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
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A D flip-flop utilizing a PGT clock is in the CLEAR state. Which of th...
PGT refers to Positive Going Transition and NGT refers to negative Going Transition. Earlier, the DFF is in a clear state (output is 0). So, if D = 1 then in the next stage output will be 1 and hence the stage will be changed.
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A D flip-flop utilizing a PGT clock is in the CLEAR state. Which of th...
Understanding D Flip-Flops and their Operation
A D flip-flop (Data flip-flop) is a type of sequential logic circuit that captures the value of the D (data) input at a specific point in time defined by the clock signal. In this case, we have a flip-flop utilizing a positive-going transition (PGT) clock.

Current State: CLEAR
- When the flip-flop is in the CLEAR state, it means the output (Q) is reset to 0.
- The flip-flop will only change its state based on clock and data inputs.

Clock Edge Sensitivity
- D flip-flops are sensitive to clock edges. For a PGT clock, the flip-flop captures the D input on the rising edge of the clock signal.

Evaluating the Options
- **Option A: CLK = NGT, D = 0**
- **Explanation**: NGT (Negative-going transition) does not trigger the flip-flop. No change occurs.
- **Option B: CLK = PGT, D = 0**
- **Explanation**: Although the clock is at PGT, the D input is 0. Therefore, the output remains 0 (no state change).
- **Option C: CLOCK NGT, D = 1**
- **Explanation**: Again, NGT does not trigger the flip-flop. The output remains unchanged.
- **Option D: CLOCK PGT, D = 1**
- **Explanation**: This is the correct option. At the positive edge of the clock (PGT), the flip-flop captures the D input, which is 1. Therefore, the output changes from 0 (CLEAR state) to 1.

Conclusion
- The only input action that will cause the D flip-flop to change states from CLEAR is **Option D**, where the clock transitions positively while the D input is 1.
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