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Banking Exams Exam  >  Banking Exams Questions  >   In economics, ‘Externalities’ refer to -a)Ex... Start Learning for Free
In economics, ‘Externalities’ refer to -
  • a)
    External commercial borrowings
  • b)
    Income earned from external sources
  • c)
    Positive or negative consequence of an economic activity
  • d)
    Paying interest to the loans taken from International financial institution
  • e)
    None of these
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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Most Upvoted Answer
In economics, ‘Externalities’ refer to -a)External commercial borrowi...
Externalities occur when producing or consuming goods cause an impact on third parties not directly related to the transaction.
Externalities can either be positive or negative.
Hence, the correct option is (C).
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Community Answer
In economics, ‘Externalities’ refer to -a)External commercial borrowi...
Externalities in Economics

Externalities are a concept in economics that refer to the positive or negative consequences of an economic activity that affect third parties who are not directly involved in the activity. These externalities can have significant impacts on the well-being of individuals and society as a whole.

Definition

Externalities are defined as the spillover effects of an economic activity that impact parties not directly involved in the activity. These effects can be positive or negative and can occur in the production or consumption of goods and services.

Positive Externalities

Positive externalities occur when the social benefit of an economic activity exceeds the private benefit. In other words, the activity has a positive impact on third parties. Examples of positive externalities include:

1. Education: When an individual gets a higher education, it not only benefits them personally but also benefits society by creating a more educated and skilled workforce.

2. Vaccinations: When someone gets vaccinated, it not only protects them from the disease but also helps prevent the spread of the disease to others.

3. Research and Development: Investments in research and development can lead to technological advancements that benefit society as a whole.

Negative Externalities

Negative externalities occur when the social cost of an economic activity exceeds the private cost. In other words, the activity has a negative impact on third parties. Examples of negative externalities include:

1. Pollution: Industrial activities that release pollutants into the air or water can harm the environment and negatively impact the health of nearby communities.

2. Noise pollution: Activities such as construction or loud music can disrupt the peace and quiet of neighboring residents.

3. Congestion: Increased traffic due to economic activities can lead to congestion on roads, causing delays and decreased efficiency for commuters.

Implications and Policy Considerations

Externalities can lead to market failures, as the price mechanism does not fully account for the costs and benefits imposed on third parties. To address these externalities, governments often implement policies such as taxes, subsidies, or regulations to internalize the costs or benefits.

By internalizing externalities, policymakers aim to align private and social costs and benefits, ensuring that economic activities are more efficient and equitable. This can lead to a more sustainable and welfare-enhancing allocation of resources.

In conclusion, externalities in economics refer to the positive or negative consequences of an economic activity that affect third parties. These externalities can have significant impacts on individuals and society, and policymakers often intervene to address these externalities and promote a more efficient and equitable allocation of resources.
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Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words/phrases have beenunderlineto help you locate them while answering some of the questions.The modern world requires us to repose trust in many anonymous institutions. We strap ourselves in a flying tin can with two hundred other people not because we know the pilot but because we believe that airline travel is safe. Our trust in these institutions depends on two factors : skills and ethics. We expect that the people who run these institutions know what they are doing, that they build and operate machines that work as they are supposed to and that they are looking out for our welfare even though we are strangers.When one of these factors is weak or absent, trust breaks down and we either pay a high price in safety- as in the Bhopal tragedy -or a large ‘welfare premium’ such as the elaborate security measures at airports. Trust-deficient environments work in the favour of the rich and powerful, who can commandpremiumtreatment and afford welfare premiums. Poor people can command neither; which is why air travel is safer than train travel, which in turn is safer than walking by the road side.Every modern society depends on the trust in the skills and ethics of a variety of institutions such as schools and colleges, hospital and markets. If we stopped believing in theexpertiseof our teachers, doctors and engineers, we will stop being a modern society.As the Institution among institutions, it is the duty of the state to ensure that all other institutions meet their ethicalobligations. The Indian state has failed in its regulatory role. Consequently, we cannot trust our schools to turn out good graduates, we cannot ensure that our colleges turn out well trained engineers and we cannot guarantee that our engineers will turn out to be good products.Last year, I was invited to speak at an undergraduate research conference. Most of the participants in this conference were students at the best engineering colleges in the State. One student who was driving me back and forthrecounteda story about the previous year’s final exam. One of his papers had a question from a leading textbook to which the textbook’s answer was wrong. The student was in a dilemma : should he write the (wrong) answer as given in the textbook or should he write the right answer using his own analytical skills. He decided to do the latter and received a zero on that question. Clearly, as the student had suspected, the examiners were looking at the textbook answer while correcting the examination papers instead of verifying its correctness.The behaviour of these examiners is a breakdown of institutional morals, with consequences for the skills acquired by students. I say institutional morals, for the failure of these examiners is not a personal failure. At the same conference I met a whole range of college teachers, all of whom were drafted as examiners at some time or the other. Without exception, they were dedicated individuals who cared about the education and welfare of their students. However, when put in the institutional role of evaluating an anonymous individual, they fail in fulfilling their responsibilities. When some of our best colleges are run in this fashion, is it any wonder that we turn outunskilledengineers and scientists ? If, as we are led to expect, there is a vast increase in education at all levels and the regulatory regime is as weak as it is currently, isn’t it likely that the trust deficit is only going to increase ?We are all aware of the consequences of ignoring corruption at all levels of society. While institutional failures in governance are obvious, I think the real problem lies deeper, in the failure of every day institutions that are quite apart from institutions that impinge on our lives only on rare occasions. It is true that our lives are made more miserable by government officials demanding bribes for all sorts of things, but what about the everyday lying andcheating and breaking of rules with people who are strangers ?Let me give you an example that many of us have experienced. I prefer buying my fruits and vegetables from roadside vendors rather than chain stores. To the vendor, I am probably an ideal customer, since I do not bargain and I do not take hours choosing the best pieces, instead, letting the vendor do the selecting. The market near my house is quite busy; as a result, most vendors are selling their wares to strangers. It takes a while before a particular vendor realises that I am arepeatcustomer. In such a situation trust is crucial. I have a simple rule : if a vendorpalms offa bad piece whose defects are obvious, I never go back to that person again. It is amazing how often that happens.In my opinion, the failure of institutional ethics is as much about these little abuses of trust as anything else. Everyday thievery is like roadside trash; if you let it accumulate the whole neighbourhood stinks.Q. Choose the word/group of words which ismostoppositein meaning to the word/ group of words underlineas used in the passage.REPEAT

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words/phrases have been underlineto help you locate them while answering some of the questions.The modern world requires us to repose trust in many anonymous institutions. We strap ourselves in a flying tin can with two hundred other people not because we know the pilot but because we believe that airline travel is safe. Our trust in these institutions depends on two factors : skills and ethics. We expect that the people who run these institutions know what they are doing, that they build and operate machines that work as they are supposed to and that they are looking out for our welfare even though we are strangers.When one of these factors is weak or absent, trust breaks down and we either pay a high price in safety- as in the Bhopal tragedy -or a large ‘welfare premium’ such as the elaborate security measures at airports. Trust-deficient environments work in the favour of the rich and powerful, who can commandpremiumtreatment and afford welfare premiums. Poor people can command neither; which is why air travel is safer than train travel, which in turn is safer than walking by the road side.Every modern society depends on the trust in the skills and ethics of a variety of institutions such as schools and colleges, hospital and markets. If we stopped believing in theexpertiseof our teachers, doctors and engineers, we will stop being a modern society.As the Institution among institutions, it is the duty of the state to ensure that all other institutions meet their ethicalobligations. The Indian state has failed in its regulatory role. Consequently, we cannot trust our schools to turn out good graduates, we cannot ensure that our colleges turn out well trained engineers and we cannot guarantee that our engineers will turn out to be good products.Last year, I was invited to speak at an undergraduate research conference. Most of the participants in this conference were students at the best engineering colleges in the State. One student who was driving me back and forthrecounteda story about the previous year’s final exam. One of his papers had a question from a leading textbook to which the textbook’s answer was wrong. The student was in a dilemma : should he write the (wrong) answer as given in the textbook or should he write the right answer using his own analytical skills. He decided to do the latter and received a zero on that question. Clearly, as the student had suspected, the examiners were looking at the textbook answer while correcting the examination papers instead of verifying its correctness.The behaviour of these examiners is a breakdown of institutional morals, with consequences for the skills acquired by students. I say institutional morals, for the failure of these examiners is not a personal failure. At the same conference I met a whole range of college teachers, all of whom were drafted as examiners at some time or the other. Without exception, they were dedicated individuals who cared about the education and welfare of their students. However, when put in the institutional role of evaluating an anonymous individual, they fail in fulfilling their responsibilities. When some of our best colleges are run in this fashion, is it any wonder that we turn outunskilledengineers and scientists ? If, as we are led to expect, there is a vast increase in education at all levels and the regulatory regime is as weak as it is currently, isn’t it likely that the trust deficit is only going to increase ?We are all aware of the consequences of ignoring corruption at all levels of society. While institutional failures in governance are obvious, I think the real problem lies deeper, in the failure of every day institutions that are quite apart from institutions that impinge on our lives only on rare occasions. It is true that our lives are made more miserable by government officials demanding bribes for all sorts of things, but what about the everyday lying andcheating and breaking of rules with people who are strangers ?Let me give you an example that many of us have experienced. I prefer buying my fruits and vegetables from roadside vendors rather than chain stores. To the vendor, I am probably an ideal customer, since I do not bargain and I do not take hours choosing the best pieces, instead, letting the vendor do the selecting. The market near my house is quite busy; as a result, most vendors are selling their wares to strangers. It takes a while before a particular vendor realises that I am arepeatcustomer. In such a situation trust is crucial. I have a simple rule : if a vendorpalms offa bad piece whose defects are obvious, I never go back to that person again. It is amazing how often that happens.In my opinion, the failure of institutional ethics is as much about these little abuses of trust as anything else. Everyday thievery is like roadside trash; if you let it accumulate the whole neighbourhood stinks.Q. Why, according to the author, is the behaviour of examiners a breakdown of institutional morals ?

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words/phrases have beenunderlineto help you locate them while answering some of the questions.The modern world requires us to repose trust in many anonymous institutions. We strap ourselves in a flying tin can with two hundred other people not because we know the pilot but because we believe that airline travel is safe. Our trust in these institutions depends on two factors : skills and ethics. We expect that the people who run these institutions know what they are doing, that they build and operate machines that work as they are supposed to and that they are looking out for our welfare even though we are strangers.When one of these factors is weak or absent, trust breaks down and we either pay a high price in safety- as in the Bhopal tragedy -or a large ‘welfare premium’ such as the elaborate security measures at airports. Trust-deficient environments work in the favour of the rich and powerful, who can commandpremiumtreatment and afford welfare premiums. Poor people can command neither; which is why air travel is safer than train travel, which in turn is safer than walking by the road side.Every modern society depends on the trust in the skills and ethics of a variety of institutions such as schools and colleges, hospital and markets. If we stopped believing in theexpertiseof our teachers, doctors and engineers, we will stop being a modern society.As the Institution among institutions, it is the duty of the state to ensure that all other institutions meet their ethicalobligations. The Indian state has failed in its regulatory role. Consequently, we cannot trust our schools to turn out good graduates, we cannot ensure that our colleges turn out well trained engineers and we cannot guarantee that our engineers will turn out to be good products.Last year, I was invited to speak at an undergraduate research conference. Most of the participants in this conference were students at the best engineering colleges in the State. One student who was driving me back and forthrecounteda story about the previous year’s final exam. One of his papers had a question from a leading textbook to which the textbook’s answer was wrong. The student was in a dilemma : should he write the (wrong) answer as given in the textbook or should he write the right answer using his own analytical skills. He decided to do the latter and received a zero on that question. Clearly, as the student had suspected, the examiners were looking at the textbook answer while correcting the examination papers instead of verifying its correctness.The behaviour of these examiners is a breakdown of institutional morals, with consequences for the skills acquired by students. I say institutional morals, for the failure of these examiners is not a personal failure. At the same conference I met a whole range of college teachers, all of whom were drafted as examiners at some time or the other. Without exception, they were dedicated individuals who cared about the education and welfare of their students. However, when put in the institutional role of evaluating an anonymous individual, they fail in fulfilling their responsibilities. When some of our best colleges are run in this fashion, is it any wonder that we turn outunskilledengineers and scientists ? If, as we are led to expect, there is a vast increase in education at all levels and the regulatory regime is as weak as it is currently, isn’t it likely that the trust deficit is only going to increase ?We are all aware of the consequences of ignoring corruption at all levels of society. While institutional failures in governance are obvious, I think the real problem lies deeper, in the failure of every day institutions that are quite apart from institutions that impinge on our lives only on rare occasions. It is true that our lives are made more miserable by government officials demanding bribes for all sorts of things, but what about the everyday lying andcheating and breaking of rules with people who are strangers ?Let me give you an example that many of us have experienced. I prefer buying my fruits and vegetables from roadside vendors rather than chain stores. To the vendor, I am probably an ideal customer, since I do not bargain and I do not take hours choosing the best pieces, instead, letting the vendor do the selecting. The market near my house is quite busy; as a result, most vendors are selling their wares to strangers. It takes a while before a particular vendor realises that I am arepeatcustomer. In such a situation trust is crucial. I have a simple rule : if a vendorpalms offa bad piece whose defects are obvious, I never go back to that person again. It is amazing how often that happens.In my opinion, the failure of institutional ethics is as much about these little abuses of trust as anything else. Everyday thievery is like roadside trash; if you let it accumulate the whole neighbourhood stinks.Q. Which of the following is possibly the most appropriate title for the passage ?

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words/phrases have been underlineto help you locate them while answering some of the questions.The modern world requires us to repose trust in many anonymous institutions. We strap ourselves in a flying tin can with two hundred other people not because we know the pilot but because we believe that airline travel is safe. Our trust in these institutions depends on two factors : skills and ethics. We expect that the people who run these institutions know what they are doing, that they build and operate machines that work as they are supposed to and that they are looking out for our welfare even though we are strangers.When one of these factors is weak or absent, trust breaks down and we either pay a high price in safety- as in the Bhopal tragedy -or a large ‘welfare premium’ such as the elaborate security measures at airports. Trust-deficient environments work in the favour of the rich and powerful, who can commandpremiumtreatment and afford welfare premiums. Poor people can command neither; which is why air travel is safer than train travel, which in turn is safer than walking by the road side.Every modern society depends on the trust in the skills and ethics of a variety of institutions such as schools and colleges, hospital and markets. If we stopped believing in theexpertiseof our teachers, doctors and engineers, we will stop being a modern society.As the Institution among institutions, it is the duty of the state to ensure that all other institutions meet their ethicalobligations. The Indian state has failed in its regulatory role. Consequently, we cannot trust our schools to turn out good graduates, we cannot ensure that our colleges turn out well trained engineers and we cannot guarantee that our engineers will turn out to be good products.Last year, I was invited to speak at an undergraduate research conference. Most of the participants in this conference were students at the best engineering colleges in the State. One student who was driving me back and forthrecounteda story about the previous year’s final exam. One of his papers had a question from a leading textbook to which the textbook’s answer was wrong. The student was in a dilemma : should he write the (wrong) answer as given in the textbook or should he write the right answer using his own analytical skills. He decided to do the latter and received a zero on that question. Clearly, as the student had suspected, the examiners were looking at the textbook answer while correcting the examination papers instead of verifying its correctness.The behaviour of these examiners is a breakdown of institutional morals, with consequences for the skills acquired by students. I say institutional morals, for the failure of these examiners is not a personal failure. At the same conference I met a whole range of college teachers, all of whom were drafted as examiners at some time or the other. Without exception, they were dedicated individuals who cared about the education and welfare of their students. However, when put in the institutional role of evaluating an anonymous individual, they fail in fulfilling their responsibilities. When some of our best colleges are run in this fashion, is it any wonder that we turn outunskilledengineers and scientists ? If, as we are led to expect, there is a vast increase in education at all levels and the regulatory regime is as weak as it is currently, isn’t it likely that the trust deficit is only going to increase ?We are all aware of the consequences of ignoring corruption at all levels of society. While institutional failures in governance are obvious, I think the real problem lies deeper, in the failure of every day institutions that are quite apart from institutions that impinge on our lives only on rare occasions. It is true that our lives are made more miserable by government officials demanding bribes for all sorts of things, but what about the everyday lying andcheating and breaking of rules with people who are strangers ?Let me give you an example that many of us have experienced. I prefer buying my fruits and vegetables from roadside vendors rather than chain stores. To the vendor, I am probably an ideal customer, since I do not bargain and I do not take hours choosing the best pieces, instead, letting the vendor do the selecting. The market near my house is quite busy; as a result, most vendors are selling their wares to strangers. It takes a while before a particular vendor realises that I am arepeatcustomer. In such a situation trust is crucial. I have a simple rule : if a vendorpalms offa bad piece whose defects are obvious, I never go back to that person again. It is amazing how often that happens.In my opinion, the failure of institutional ethics is as much about these little abuses of trust as anything else. Everyday thievery is like roadside trash; if you let it accumulate the whole neighbourhood stinks.Q. Why, according to the author, do people repose trust in Institutions they do not know ?

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In economics, ‘Externalities’ refer to -a)External commercial borrowingsb)Income earned from external sourcesc)Positive or negative consequence of an economic activityd)Paying interest to the loans taken from International financial institutione)None of theseCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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In economics, ‘Externalities’ refer to -a)External commercial borrowingsb)Income earned from external sourcesc)Positive or negative consequence of an economic activityd)Paying interest to the loans taken from International financial institutione)None of theseCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? for Banking Exams 2025 is part of Banking Exams preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the Banking Exams exam syllabus. Information about In economics, ‘Externalities’ refer to -a)External commercial borrowingsb)Income earned from external sourcesc)Positive or negative consequence of an economic activityd)Paying interest to the loans taken from International financial institutione)None of theseCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for Banking Exams 2025 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for In economics, ‘Externalities’ refer to -a)External commercial borrowingsb)Income earned from external sourcesc)Positive or negative consequence of an economic activityd)Paying interest to the loans taken from International financial institutione)None of theseCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?.
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