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Directions: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to the given question out of the four alternatives.
The recent change to all-volunteer armed forces in the United States will eventually produce a gradual increase in the proportion of women in the armed forces and in the variety of women's assignments, but probably not the dramatic gains for women that might have been expected. This is so even though the armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work. The difficulty is that women are unlikely to be trained for any direct combat operations. A significant portion of the larger society remains uncomfortable as yet with extending equality in this direction. Therefore, for women in the military, the search for equality will still be based on functional equivalence, not identity or even similarity of task. Opportunities seem certain to arise. The growing emphasis on deterrence is bound to offer increasing scope for women to become involved in novel types of non-combat military assignments.
Q. The primary purpose of the passage is to
  • a)
    present the new United States all-volunteer armed forces as a model case of equal employment policies in action
  • b)
    present an overview of the different types of assignments available to women
  • c)
    analyse reforms in the new United States all-volunteer armed forces necessitated by the increasing number of women in the military
  • d)
    present a reasoned prognosis of the status of women in the new United States all-volunteer armed forces
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Most Upvoted Answer
Directions: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to ...
Option 3 is incorrect as the reforms were not made because of the increasing number of women. It was in fact the other way round. Option 1 is incorrect as mentioned in the passage, "but probably not the dramatic gains ... of equal pay for equal work." Option 2 is incorrect because the purpose is not about assignments. Option 4 is correct as the passage discussed what would be the possible outcome of the reforms. It discussed the status of women as a result of the reforms.
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Community Answer
Directions: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to ...
Primary Purpose of the Passage
The passage focuses on the status of women in the newly established all-volunteer armed forces in the United States, providing insights into the challenges and opportunities they face.
Analysis of Option D
- The passage discusses the gradual increase in the proportion of women in the armed forces and the variety of assignments available to them.
- It highlights that while institutional changes may favor equality, there is still resistance to women participating in direct combat roles.
- The mention of functional equivalence rather than identity or similarity of task indicates a nuanced understanding of equality that is still in progress.
- The prognosis is tempered by the acknowledgment that societal discomfort with women in combat roles limits the extent of equality that can be achieved.
Reasons Against Other Options
- Option A: While the passage touches on equal employment policies, it does not present the all-volunteer armed forces as a model case but rather examines the complexities involved.
- Option B: Although there is some mention of women's assignments, the passage does not provide a comprehensive overview of all available types, making this option less fitting.
- Option C: The passage does not primarily analyze reforms necessitated by the number of women; it focuses more on the implications of existing conditions and societal attitudes.
Conclusion
Thus, the correct answer is option D, as it accurately captures the passage's essence of providing a reasoned prognosis regarding the evolving status of women in the U.S. armed forces.
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When people react to their experiences with particular authorities, those authorities and the organizations or institutions that they represent often benefit if the people involved begin with high levels of commitment to the organization or institution represented by the authorities. First, in his studies of people's attitudes toward political and legal institutions, Tyler found that attitudes after an experience with the institution were strongly affected by prior attitudes. Single experiences influence post experience loyalty but certainly do not overwhelm the relationship between pre-experience and post experience loyalty. Thus, the best predictor of loyalty after an experience is usually loyalty before that experience. Second, people with prior loyalty to the organization or institution judge their dealings with the organization's or institution's authorities to be fairer than do those with less prior loyalty, either because they are more fairly treated or because they interpret equivalent treatment as fairer.Although high levels of prior organizational or institutional commitment are generally beneficial to the organization or institution, under certain conditions high levels of prior commitment may actually sow the seeds of reduced commitment. When previously committed individuals feel that they were treated unfavourably or unfairly during some experience with the organization or institution, they may show an especially sharp decline in commitment. Two studies were designed to test this hypothesis, which, if confirmed, would suggest that organizational or institutional commitment has risks, as well as benefits. At least three psychological models offer predictions of how individuals' reactions may vary as a function of (1) their prior level of commitment and (2) the favorability of the encounter with the organization or institution. Favorability of the encounter is determined by the outcome of the encounter and the fairness or appropriateness of the procedures used to allocate outcomes during the encounter. First, the instrumental prediction is that because people are mainly concerned with receiving desired outcomes from their encounters with organizations, changes in their level of commitment will depend primarily on the favorability of the encounter. Second, the assimilation prediction is that individuals' prior attitudes predispose them to react in a way that is consistent with their prior attitudes.The third prediction, derived from the group-value model of justice, pertains to how people with high prior commitment will react when they feel that they have been treated unfavorably or unfairly during some encounter with the organization or institution. Fair treatment by the other party symbolizes to people that they are being dealt with in a dignified and respectful way, thereby bolstering their sense of self-identity and self-worth. However, people will become quite distressed and react quite negatively if they feel that they have been treated unfairly by the other party to the relationship. The group-value model suggests that people value the information they receive that helps them to define themselves and to view themselves favorably. According to the instrumental viewpoint, people are primarily concerned with the more material or tangible resources received from the relationship. Empirical support for the group-value model has implications for a variety of important issues, including the determinants of commitment, satisfaction, organizational citizenship, and rule following. Determinants of procedural fairness include structural or interpersonal factors. For example, structural determinants refer to such things as whether decisions were made by neutral, fact-finding authorities who used legitimate decision-making criteria. The primary purpose of the study was to examine the interactive effect of individuals (1) commitment to an organization or institution prior to some encounter and (2) perceptions of how fairly they were treated during the encounter, on the change in their level of commitment. A basic assumption of the group-value model is that people generally value their relationships with people, groups, organizations, and institutions and therefore value fair treatment from the other party to the relationship. Specifically, highly committed members should have especially negative reactions to feeling that they were treated unfairly, more so than (1) less-committed group members or (2) highly committed members who felt that they were fairly treated.The prediction that people will react especially negatively when they previously felt highly committed but felt that they were treated unfairly also is consistent with the literature on psychological contracts. Rousseau suggested that, over time, the members of work organizations develop feelings of entitlement, i.e., perceived obligations that their employers have toward them. Those who are highly committed to the organization believe that they are fulfilling their contract obligations. However, if the organization acted unfairly, then highly committed individuals are likely to believe that the organization did not live up to its end of the bargain.For summarizing the passage, which of the following is most appropriate

When people react to their experiences with particular authorities, those authorities and the organizations or institutions that they represent often benefit if the people involved begin with high levels of commitment to the organization or institution represented by the authorities. First, in his studies of people's attitudes toward political and legal institutions, Tyler found that attitudes after an experience with the institution were strongly affected by prior attitudes. Single experiences influence post experience loyalty but certainly do not overwhelm the relationship between pre-experience and post experience loyalty. Thus, the best predictor of loyalty after an experience is usually loyalty before that experience.Second, people with prior loyalty to the organization or institution judge their dealings with the organization's or institution's authorities to be fairer than do those with less prior loyalty, either because they are more fairly treated or because they interpret equivalent treatment as fairer.Although high levels of prior organizational or institutional commitment are generally beneficial to the organization or institution, under certain conditions high levels of prior commitment may actually sow the seeds of reduced commitment. When previously committed individuals feel that they were treated unfavourably or unfairly during some experience with the organization or institution, they may show an especially sharp decline in commitment. Two studies were designed to test this hypothesis, which, if confirmed, would suggest that organizational or institutional commitment has risks, as well as benefits. At least three psychological models offer predictions of how individuals' reactions may vary as a function of (1) their prior level of commitment and (2) the favorability of the encounter with the organization or institution. Favorability of the encounter is determined by the outcome of the encounter and the fairness or appropriateness of the procedures used to allocate outcomes during the encounter. First, the instrumental prediction is that because people are mainly concerned with receiving desired outcomes from their encounters with organizations, changes in their level of commitment will depend primarily on the favorability of the encounter. Second, the assimilation prediction is that individuals' prior attitudes predispose them to react in a way that is consistent with their prior attitudes.The third prediction, derived from the group-value model of justice, pertains to how people with high prior commitment will react when they feel that they have been treated unfavorably or unfairly during some encounter with the organization or institution. Fair treatment by the other party symbolizes to people that they are being dealt with in a dignified and respectful way, thereby bolstering their sense of self-identity and self worth. However, people will become quite distressed and react quite negatively if they feel that they have been treated unfairly by the other party to the relationship. The group-value model suggests that people value the information they receive that helps them to define themselves and to view themselves favorably. According to the instrumental viewpoint, people are primarily concerned with the more material or tangible resources received from the relationship. Empirical support for the group-value model has implications for a variety of important issues, including the determinants of commitment, satisfaction, organizational citizenship, and rule following. Determinants of procedural fairness include structural or interpersonal factors. For example, structural determinants refer to such things as whether decisions were made by neutral, fact finding authorities who used legitimate decision making criteria. The primary purpose of the study was to examine the interactive effect of individuals (1) commitment to an organization or institution prior to some encounter and (2) perceptions of how fairly they were treated during the encounter, on the change in their level of commitment. A basic assumption of the group-value model is that people generally value their relationships with people, groups, organizations, and institutions and therefore value fair treatment from the other party to the relationship. Specifically, highly committed members should have especially negative reactions to feeling that they were treated unfairly, more so than (1) less-committed group members or (2) highly committed members who felt that they were fairly treated.The prediction that people will react especially negatively when they previously felt highly committed but felt that they were treated unfairly also is consistent with the literature on psychological contracts. Rousseau suggested that, over time, the members of work organizations develop feelings of entitlement, i.e., perceived obligations that their employers have toward them. Those who are highly committed to the organization believe that they are fulfilling their contract obligations. However, if the organization acted unfairly, then highly committed individuals are likely to believe that the organization did not live up to its end of the bargain.For summarizing the passage, which of the following is most appropriate

Directions: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to the given question out of the four alternatives.The recent change to all-volunteer armed forces in the United States will eventually produce a gradual increase in the proportion of women in the armed forces and in the variety of women's assignments, but probably not the dramatic gains for women that might have been expected. This is so even though the armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work. The difficulty is that women are unlikely to be trained for any direct combat operations. A significant portion of the larger society remains uncomfortable as yet with extending equality in this direction. Therefore, for women in the military, the search for equality will still be based on functional equivalence, not identity or even similarity of task. Opportunities seem certain to arise. The growing emphasis on deterrence is bound to offer increasing scope for women to become involved in novel types of non-combat military assignments.Q. The primary purpose of the passage is toa)present the new United States all-volunteer armed forces as a model case of equal employment policies in actionb)present an overview of the different types of assignments available to womenc)analyse reforms in the new United States all-volunteer armed forces necessitated by the increasing number of women in the militaryd)present a reasoned prognosis of the status of women in the new United States all-volunteer armed forcesCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Question Description
Directions: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to the given question out of the four alternatives.The recent change to all-volunteer armed forces in the United States will eventually produce a gradual increase in the proportion of women in the armed forces and in the variety of women's assignments, but probably not the dramatic gains for women that might have been expected. This is so even though the armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work. The difficulty is that women are unlikely to be trained for any direct combat operations. A significant portion of the larger society remains uncomfortable as yet with extending equality in this direction. Therefore, for women in the military, the search for equality will still be based on functional equivalence, not identity or even similarity of task. Opportunities seem certain to arise. The growing emphasis on deterrence is bound to offer increasing scope for women to become involved in novel types of non-combat military assignments.Q. The primary purpose of the passage is toa)present the new United States all-volunteer armed forces as a model case of equal employment policies in actionb)present an overview of the different types of assignments available to womenc)analyse reforms in the new United States all-volunteer armed forces necessitated by the increasing number of women in the militaryd)present a reasoned prognosis of the status of women in the new United States all-volunteer armed forcesCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? for CAT 2024 is part of CAT preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the CAT exam syllabus. Information about Directions: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to the given question out of the four alternatives.The recent change to all-volunteer armed forces in the United States will eventually produce a gradual increase in the proportion of women in the armed forces and in the variety of women's assignments, but probably not the dramatic gains for women that might have been expected. This is so even though the armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work. The difficulty is that women are unlikely to be trained for any direct combat operations. A significant portion of the larger society remains uncomfortable as yet with extending equality in this direction. Therefore, for women in the military, the search for equality will still be based on functional equivalence, not identity or even similarity of task. Opportunities seem certain to arise. The growing emphasis on deterrence is bound to offer increasing scope for women to become involved in novel types of non-combat military assignments.Q. The primary purpose of the passage is toa)present the new United States all-volunteer armed forces as a model case of equal employment policies in actionb)present an overview of the different types of assignments available to womenc)analyse reforms in the new United States all-volunteer armed forces necessitated by the increasing number of women in the militaryd)present a reasoned prognosis of the status of women in the new United States all-volunteer armed forcesCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for CAT 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Directions: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to the given question out of the four alternatives.The recent change to all-volunteer armed forces in the United States will eventually produce a gradual increase in the proportion of women in the armed forces and in the variety of women's assignments, but probably not the dramatic gains for women that might have been expected. This is so even though the armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work. The difficulty is that women are unlikely to be trained for any direct combat operations. A significant portion of the larger society remains uncomfortable as yet with extending equality in this direction. Therefore, for women in the military, the search for equality will still be based on functional equivalence, not identity or even similarity of task. Opportunities seem certain to arise. The growing emphasis on deterrence is bound to offer increasing scope for women to become involved in novel types of non-combat military assignments.Q. The primary purpose of the passage is toa)present the new United States all-volunteer armed forces as a model case of equal employment policies in actionb)present an overview of the different types of assignments available to womenc)analyse reforms in the new United States all-volunteer armed forces necessitated by the increasing number of women in the militaryd)present a reasoned prognosis of the status of women in the new United States all-volunteer armed forcesCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?.
Solutions for Directions: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to the given question out of the four alternatives.The recent change to all-volunteer armed forces in the United States will eventually produce a gradual increase in the proportion of women in the armed forces and in the variety of women's assignments, but probably not the dramatic gains for women that might have been expected. This is so even though the armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work. The difficulty is that women are unlikely to be trained for any direct combat operations. A significant portion of the larger society remains uncomfortable as yet with extending equality in this direction. Therefore, for women in the military, the search for equality will still be based on functional equivalence, not identity or even similarity of task. Opportunities seem certain to arise. The growing emphasis on deterrence is bound to offer increasing scope for women to become involved in novel types of non-combat military assignments.Q. The primary purpose of the passage is toa)present the new United States all-volunteer armed forces as a model case of equal employment policies in actionb)present an overview of the different types of assignments available to womenc)analyse reforms in the new United States all-volunteer armed forces necessitated by the increasing number of women in the militaryd)present a reasoned prognosis of the status of women in the new United States all-volunteer armed forcesCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? in English & in Hindi are available as part of our courses for CAT. Download more important topics, notes, lectures and mock test series for CAT Exam by signing up for free.
Here you can find the meaning of Directions: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to the given question out of the four alternatives.The recent change to all-volunteer armed forces in the United States will eventually produce a gradual increase in the proportion of women in the armed forces and in the variety of women's assignments, but probably not the dramatic gains for women that might have been expected. This is so even though the armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work. The difficulty is that women are unlikely to be trained for any direct combat operations. A significant portion of the larger society remains uncomfortable as yet with extending equality in this direction. Therefore, for women in the military, the search for equality will still be based on functional equivalence, not identity or even similarity of task. Opportunities seem certain to arise. The growing emphasis on deterrence is bound to offer increasing scope for women to become involved in novel types of non-combat military assignments.Q. The primary purpose of the passage is toa)present the new United States all-volunteer armed forces as a model case of equal employment policies in actionb)present an overview of the different types of assignments available to womenc)analyse reforms in the new United States all-volunteer armed forces necessitated by the increasing number of women in the militaryd)present a reasoned prognosis of the status of women in the new United States all-volunteer armed forcesCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? defined & explained in the simplest way possible. Besides giving the explanation of Directions: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to the given question out of the four alternatives.The recent change to all-volunteer armed forces in the United States will eventually produce a gradual increase in the proportion of women in the armed forces and in the variety of women's assignments, but probably not the dramatic gains for women that might have been expected. This is so even though the armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work. The difficulty is that women are unlikely to be trained for any direct combat operations. A significant portion of the larger society remains uncomfortable as yet with extending equality in this direction. Therefore, for women in the military, the search for equality will still be based on functional equivalence, not identity or even similarity of task. Opportunities seem certain to arise. The growing emphasis on deterrence is bound to offer increasing scope for women to become involved in novel types of non-combat military assignments.Q. The primary purpose of the passage is toa)present the new United States all-volunteer armed forces as a model case of equal employment policies in actionb)present an overview of the different types of assignments available to womenc)analyse reforms in the new United States all-volunteer armed forces necessitated by the increasing number of women in the militaryd)present a reasoned prognosis of the status of women in the new United States all-volunteer armed forcesCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?, a detailed solution for Directions: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to the given question out of the four alternatives.The recent change to all-volunteer armed forces in the United States will eventually produce a gradual increase in the proportion of women in the armed forces and in the variety of women's assignments, but probably not the dramatic gains for women that might have been expected. This is so even though the armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work. The difficulty is that women are unlikely to be trained for any direct combat operations. A significant portion of the larger society remains uncomfortable as yet with extending equality in this direction. Therefore, for women in the military, the search for equality will still be based on functional equivalence, not identity or even similarity of task. Opportunities seem certain to arise. The growing emphasis on deterrence is bound to offer increasing scope for women to become involved in novel types of non-combat military assignments.Q. The primary purpose of the passage is toa)present the new United States all-volunteer armed forces as a model case of equal employment policies in actionb)present an overview of the different types of assignments available to womenc)analyse reforms in the new United States all-volunteer armed forces necessitated by the increasing number of women in the militaryd)present a reasoned prognosis of the status of women in the new United States all-volunteer armed forcesCorrect answer is option 'D'. 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Opportunities seem certain to arise. The growing emphasis on deterrence is bound to offer increasing scope for women to become involved in novel types of non-combat military assignments.Q. The primary purpose of the passage is toa)present the new United States all-volunteer armed forces as a model case of equal employment policies in actionb)present an overview of the different types of assignments available to womenc)analyse reforms in the new United States all-volunteer armed forces necessitated by the increasing number of women in the militaryd)present a reasoned prognosis of the status of women in the new United States all-volunteer armed forcesCorrect answer is option 'D'. 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Therefore, for women in the military, the search for equality will still be based on functional equivalence, not identity or even similarity of task. Opportunities seem certain to arise. The growing emphasis on deterrence is bound to offer increasing scope for women to become involved in novel types of non-combat military assignments.Q. The primary purpose of the passage is toa)present the new United States all-volunteer armed forces as a model case of equal employment policies in actionb)present an overview of the different types of assignments available to womenc)analyse reforms in the new United States all-volunteer armed forces necessitated by the increasing number of women in the militaryd)present a reasoned prognosis of the status of women in the new United States all-volunteer armed forcesCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? tests, examples and also practice CAT tests.
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