Ratio of Average Load to Installed Capacity with Zero Reserve Capacity

When the reserve capacity of a power plant is zero, it means that there is no extra capacity available to meet unexpected or sudden increases in demand. In this scenario, the ratio of the average load to the installed capacity can be calculated using the following factors:

Load Factor

The load factor is the ratio of the average load to the maximum demand during a given period of time. It represents the average utilization of the installed capacity of the plant. The load factor can be calculated as follows:

Load factor = Average load / Maximum demand

Plant Factor

The plant factor is the ratio of the actual energy generated by the plant to the maximum energy that could have been generated if the plant had been operated at full capacity for the same period. It represents the actual utilization of the installed capacity of the plant. The plant factor can be calculated as follows:

Plant factor = Actual energy generated / (Installed capacity × Time)

Utilization Factor

The utilization factor is the ratio of the actual energy generated by the plant to the energy that could have been generated if the plant had been operated at full capacity for the same period. It represents the efficiency of the plant in utilizing its installed capacity. The utilization factor can be calculated as follows:

Utilization factor = Actual energy generated / (Installed capacity × Time)

Conclusion

When the reserve capacity of a power plant is zero, the ratio of the average load to the installed capacity can be calculated using the load factor and plant factor. Both factors give an indication of the utilization of the installed capacity of the plant. Therefore, the correct option is (D) - Both (A) and (B).