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If the formation level of a highway has a uniform gradient for a particular length, and the ground is also having a longitudinal slope, the earthwork may be calculated by
- a)Mid-section formula
- b)Trapezoidal formula
- c)Prismoidal formula
- d)All the above
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
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If the formation level of a highway has a uniform gradient for a parti...
Calculation of Earthwork in Highways
When designing a highway, the earthwork calculation is an essential aspect. It is necessary to have a uniform slope for the formation level of a highway over a particular length. The ground should also have a longitudinal slope for smooth traffic flow. Some formulas can be used to calculate the earthwork, including the mid-section formula, trapezoidal formula, and prismoidal formula.
Mid-Section Formula
The mid-section formula is used when the cross-section of the ground is symmetrical. The formula is applicable when the cutting or filling of the ground is uniform for the entire length. The formula is given as:
Volume of earthwork = [(A1 + A2)/2] × L
Where A1 and A2 are the areas of the top and bottom of the cross-section, respectively, and L is the length of the section.
Trapezoidal Formula
The trapezoidal formula is used when the cross-section of the ground is not symmetrical. The formula is applicable when the cutting or filling of the ground is non-uniform for the entire length. The formula is given as:
Volume of earthwork = [(A1 + A2)/2] × L × F
Where A1 and A2 are the areas of the top and bottom of the cross-section, respectively, L is the length of the section, and F is the end area correction factor.
Prismoidal Formula
The prismoidal formula is used when the cross-section of the ground is irregular. The formula is applicable when the cutting or filling of the ground is non-uniform and the cross-section is irregular. The formula is given as:
Volume of earthwork = [(A1 + 4Am + A2)/6] × L
Where A1 and A2 are the areas of the top and bottom of the cross-section, respectively, Am is the area of the middle section, and L is the length of the section.
Conclusion
In conclusion, it is essential to have a uniform slope for the formation level of a highway over a particular length. The ground should also have a longitudinal slope for smooth traffic flow. The mid-section formula, trapezoidal formula, and prismoidal formula are used to calculate the earthwork. The mid-section formula is used when the cross-section of the ground is symmetrical, the trapezoidal formula is used when the cross-section of the ground is not symmetrical, and the prismoidal formula is used when the cross-section of the ground is irregular.
When designing a highway, the earthwork calculation is an essential aspect. It is necessary to have a uniform slope for the formation level of a highway over a particular length. The ground should also have a longitudinal slope for smooth traffic flow. Some formulas can be used to calculate the earthwork, including the mid-section formula, trapezoidal formula, and prismoidal formula.
Mid-Section Formula
The mid-section formula is used when the cross-section of the ground is symmetrical. The formula is applicable when the cutting or filling of the ground is uniform for the entire length. The formula is given as:
Volume of earthwork = [(A1 + A2)/2] × L
Where A1 and A2 are the areas of the top and bottom of the cross-section, respectively, and L is the length of the section.
Trapezoidal Formula
The trapezoidal formula is used when the cross-section of the ground is not symmetrical. The formula is applicable when the cutting or filling of the ground is non-uniform for the entire length. The formula is given as:
Volume of earthwork = [(A1 + A2)/2] × L × F
Where A1 and A2 are the areas of the top and bottom of the cross-section, respectively, L is the length of the section, and F is the end area correction factor.
Prismoidal Formula
The prismoidal formula is used when the cross-section of the ground is irregular. The formula is applicable when the cutting or filling of the ground is non-uniform and the cross-section is irregular. The formula is given as:
Volume of earthwork = [(A1 + 4Am + A2)/6] × L
Where A1 and A2 are the areas of the top and bottom of the cross-section, respectively, Am is the area of the middle section, and L is the length of the section.
Conclusion
In conclusion, it is essential to have a uniform slope for the formation level of a highway over a particular length. The ground should also have a longitudinal slope for smooth traffic flow. The mid-section formula, trapezoidal formula, and prismoidal formula are used to calculate the earthwork. The mid-section formula is used when the cross-section of the ground is symmetrical, the trapezoidal formula is used when the cross-section of the ground is not symmetrical, and the prismoidal formula is used when the cross-section of the ground is irregular.
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If the formation level of a highway has a uniform gradient for a particular length, and the ground is also having a longitudinal slope, the earthwork may be calculated bya)Mid-section formulab)Trapezoidal formulac)Prismoidal formulad)All the aboveCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
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