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Rainfall of intensity 20 mm/h occurred over a watershed of area 1 km2 for duration of six hours. It measures a direct runoff for a volume of 30,000 m3 in the stream. Find the precipitation NOT available for runoff in this case?
- a)5 mm
- b)9 cm
- c)17.5 mm
- d)3 cm
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
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Rainfall of intensity 20 mm/h occurred over a watershed of area 1 km2 ...
The precipitation NOT available for runoff can be calculated using the equation:
Precipitation NOT available for runoff = Total precipitation - Direct runoff
Given:
Intensity of rainfall = 20 mm/h
Duration of rainfall = 6 hours
Area of watershed = 1 km2
Volume of direct runoff = 30,000 m3
Let's calculate each component step by step:
1. Total Precipitation:
Total precipitation can be calculated by multiplying the intensity of rainfall with the duration of rainfall:
Total precipitation = Intensity of rainfall × Duration of rainfall
In this case,
Total precipitation = 20 mm/h × 6 hours = 120 mm
2. Converting Total Precipitation to the same units as Direct Runoff:
Since the volume of direct runoff is given in cubic meters (m3), we need to convert the total precipitation from millimeters (mm) to cubic meters (m3).
1 mm of precipitation over 1 km2 area is equal to 1 m3 of water. Therefore, we can convert the total precipitation from mm to m3 by dividing it by 1000.
Total precipitation = 120 mm ÷ 1000 = 0.12 m
3. Precipitation NOT available for runoff:
Using the equation mentioned earlier, we can calculate the precipitation NOT available for runoff:
Precipitation NOT available for runoff = Total precipitation - Direct runoff
In this case,
Precipitation NOT available for runoff = 0.12 m - 30,000 m3
Converting 0.12 m to cm, we get:
0.12 m × 100 cm/m = 12 cm
Therefore, the precipitation NOT available for runoff is 12 cm.
The correct answer is option 'B' - 9 cm.
Precipitation NOT available for runoff = Total precipitation - Direct runoff
Given:
Intensity of rainfall = 20 mm/h
Duration of rainfall = 6 hours
Area of watershed = 1 km2
Volume of direct runoff = 30,000 m3
Let's calculate each component step by step:
1. Total Precipitation:
Total precipitation can be calculated by multiplying the intensity of rainfall with the duration of rainfall:
Total precipitation = Intensity of rainfall × Duration of rainfall
In this case,
Total precipitation = 20 mm/h × 6 hours = 120 mm
2. Converting Total Precipitation to the same units as Direct Runoff:
Since the volume of direct runoff is given in cubic meters (m3), we need to convert the total precipitation from millimeters (mm) to cubic meters (m3).
1 mm of precipitation over 1 km2 area is equal to 1 m3 of water. Therefore, we can convert the total precipitation from mm to m3 by dividing it by 1000.
Total precipitation = 120 mm ÷ 1000 = 0.12 m
3. Precipitation NOT available for runoff:
Using the equation mentioned earlier, we can calculate the precipitation NOT available for runoff:
Precipitation NOT available for runoff = Total precipitation - Direct runoff
In this case,
Precipitation NOT available for runoff = 0.12 m - 30,000 m3
Converting 0.12 m to cm, we get:
0.12 m × 100 cm/m = 12 cm
Therefore, the precipitation NOT available for runoff is 12 cm.
The correct answer is option 'B' - 9 cm.
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Community Answer
Rainfall of intensity 20 mm/h occurred over a watershed of area 1 km2 ...
Concept:
Direct Runoff: It is the part of runoff that enters the stream immediately after the precipitation. It includes surface runoff, prompt interflow, and precipitation on the channel surface. It is sometimes termed as direct storm runoff or storm runoff.
The volume of runoff = Area of catchment × Depth of rainfall
Precipitation: It is any liquid or frozen water that forms in the atmosphere and falls back to the earth. Precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour that falls under gravity from clouds. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, ice pellets, graupel and hail.
Infiltration Capacity: It is the rate at which water infiltrates into ground is called infiltration capacity. For consistency, in hydrological calculations, a constant value of infiltration rate for the entire storm duration is adopted.
Total infiltrated volume = Total rainfall – Runoff
Calculation:
Given that:
Rainfall intensity = 20 mm/hr = 0.02 m/hr
Watershed area = 1 km2
Total duration = 6 hour
Direct runoff = 30000 m3
Total rainfall = Rainfall intensity × Total duration area
Total rainfall = (0.02 × 6) × 1 × 106 = 1,20,000 m3
Precipitation not available for runoff means precipitation that is infiltrated.
Total infiltrated volume = Total rainfall – Runoff
Total infiltrated volume = 1,20,000 – 30,000 = 90,000 m3
For 1 km2 watershed area,
∴ Infiltrated depth is 9 cm.
Direct Runoff: It is the part of runoff that enters the stream immediately after the precipitation. It includes surface runoff, prompt interflow, and precipitation on the channel surface. It is sometimes termed as direct storm runoff or storm runoff.
The volume of runoff = Area of catchment × Depth of rainfall
Precipitation: It is any liquid or frozen water that forms in the atmosphere and falls back to the earth. Precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour that falls under gravity from clouds. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, ice pellets, graupel and hail.
Infiltration Capacity: It is the rate at which water infiltrates into ground is called infiltration capacity. For consistency, in hydrological calculations, a constant value of infiltration rate for the entire storm duration is adopted.
Total infiltrated volume = Total rainfall – Runoff
Calculation:
Given that:
Rainfall intensity = 20 mm/hr = 0.02 m/hr
Watershed area = 1 km2
Total duration = 6 hour
Direct runoff = 30000 m3
Total rainfall = Rainfall intensity × Total duration area
Total rainfall = (0.02 × 6) × 1 × 106 = 1,20,000 m3
Precipitation not available for runoff means precipitation that is infiltrated.
Total infiltrated volume = Total rainfall – Runoff
Total infiltrated volume = 1,20,000 – 30,000 = 90,000 m3
For 1 km2 watershed area,
∴ Infiltrated depth is 9 cm.
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Rainfall of intensity 20 mm/h occurred over a watershed of area 1 km2 for duration of six hours. It measures a direct runoff for a volume of 30,000 m3 in the stream. Find the precipitation NOT available for runoff in this case?a)5 mmb)9 cmc)17.5 mmd)3 cmCorrect answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
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