Sikh Organization in the Eighteenth Century




Introduction
Sikhism, a monotheistic religion founded in the fifteenth century, underwent significant changes in its organization during the eighteenth century. This period saw the emergence of a militarized Sikh community known as the Khalsa, as well as the establishment of a unique system of governance.

Formation of the Khalsa
- The Khalsa was formed by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699, who initiated a group of Sikhs into the order of Saint-Soldiers.
- The Khalsa members were required to follow a strict code of conduct, including wearing the Five Ks (Kesh, Kangha, Kara, Kachera, Kirpan) and maintaining a disciplined lifestyle.

Misls System
- The Sikhs were organized into small, autonomous groups called misls, each led by a powerful leader known as a misldar.
- The misls operated independently but would come together to defend Sikh interests against external threats.

Bandai Khalsa and Tat Khalsa
- The Sikh community was divided into two factions - the Bandai Khalsa, which supported the authority of the Bandai Sikh chiefs, and the Tat Khalsa, which advocated for a more democratic system of governance.
- The Tat Khalsa eventually gained dominance and established a system of Sarbat Khalsa, where important decisions were made collectively by representatives from various Sikh factions.

Role of the Akal Takht
- The Akal Takht, meaning the Throne of the Timeless One, served as the highest political and religious authority for the Sikhs.
- Decisions made at the Akal Takht were binding on all Sikhs and helped in maintaining unity and coherence within the community.

Conclusion
In the eighteenth century, the Sikhs were organized into a militarized community with a unique system of governance that allowed them to defend their interests and maintain their distinct identity in the face of external threats.