Introduction:
The Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley civilization, flourished from approximately 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE in the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent. Excavations at various Harappan sites have revealed a rich material culture, providing insights into the lives and practices of the people who lived during this ancient civilization. Among the various artifacts discovered, pottery stands as the most abundant evidence of material culture found at Harappan sites.

Pottery at Harappan sites:
Pottery was a significant aspect of Harappan material culture, and it played a crucial role in the daily lives of the people. The pottery found at Harappan sites provides valuable information about their technological advancements, artistic skills, trade networks, and social organization.

Technological advancements:
The pottery found at Harappan sites showcases advanced techniques in the manufacturing process. The Harappans used a wheel to create pottery, which allowed for uniformity in shape and size. The pottery was made using a high-quality clay, which was fired at high temperatures, resulting in durable and well-fired vessels. The presence of kilns at some sites suggests that the Harappans had a sophisticated understanding of firing techniques.

Artistic skills:
The pottery at Harappan sites displays a remarkable level of artistic skill. The vessels are often adorned with intricate designs, including geometric patterns, animal motifs, and human figurines. The use of molds and stamps allowed for the production of consistent and standardized motifs across different vessels. The artistic quality of the pottery suggests that the Harappans valued aesthetics and had skilled craftsmen.

Trade networks:
The presence of pottery across a vast geographical area indicates the extensive trade networks of the Harappans. Pottery from Harappan sites has been found as far away as Mesopotamia, suggesting long-distance trade connections. The exchange of pottery would have facilitated cultural exchange, economic interactions, and the spread of ideas.

Social organization:
The variety and abundance of pottery found at Harappan sites suggest a well-organized society with specialized artisans. The different shapes, sizes, and types of pottery vessels indicate a division of labor and the presence of specialized potters. The presence of large storage jars suggests the need for organized storage and distribution of goods. The pottery also provides insights into the dietary practices of the Harappans, as vessels used for cooking, storage, and serving have been found.

Conclusion:
Pottery stands as the most abundant evidence of material culture found at Harappan sites. Its technological advancements, artistic skills, trade connections, and insights into social organization make it a crucial aspect of understanding the Harappan civilization. The study of Harappan pottery has provided valuable insights into the lives and practices of the ancient Indus Valley people and continues to contribute to our understanding of this ancient civilization.