Introduction:
Analyzing and interpreting historical texts or primary sources in humanities subjects in Class 12 requires a systematic approach to understand the context, author's intent, and underlying themes. By following a step-by-step process, students can effectively analyze and interpret these sources to gain a deeper understanding of historical events and cultural contexts.

Steps to analyze and interpret historical texts or primary sources:

1. Read the source: Start by carefully reading the historical text or primary source multiple times to grasp its content and context. Take note of key ideas, arguments, and evidence presented.

2. Identify the author: Determine the author's identity, background, and position in society. Consider how their perspective might influence their portrayal of events or biases they may hold.

3. Analyze the context: Examine the historical context surrounding the source, including the time period, social, political, and cultural factors. This will provide insights into the motivations and intentions behind the text.

4. Identify the purpose: Determine the author's purpose in creating the source. Consider whether it aims to inform, persuade, entertain, or provoke a particular response. Analyze the intended audience and how it may shape the content.

5. Examine the tone and language: Pay attention to the tone and language used in the source. Identify rhetorical devices, figurative language, and persuasive techniques employed. Consider how these elements contribute to the author's message.

6. Identify key themes: Identify the main themes or ideas presented in the source. Look for recurring motifs, symbols, or patterns that shed light on the author's perspective or the broader historical context.

7. Consider the source's reliability: Evaluate the reliability and credibility of the source. Assess the author's qualifications, potential biases, and the presence of corroborating evidence. Determine if the source is primary or secondary and its proximity to the events being discussed.

8. Compare and contrast: Compare the source with other historical texts or primary sources from the same period. Identify similarities, differences, contradictions, or gaps in information. This comparative analysis can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the historical event or period.

9. Draw conclusions: Based on the analysis, draw meaningful conclusions about the source's significance, its contribution to historical understanding, and its relevance to the topic or period being studied.

10. Provide supporting evidence: Back up interpretations and conclusions with evidence from the source. Quote relevant passages, cite specific examples, and reference historical facts to strengthen your analysis.

Conclusion: By following these steps, Class 12 students can effectively analyze and interpret historical texts or primary sources in humanities subjects. This process allows for a comprehensive understanding of the source, its historical context, and the insights it provides into the events and perspectives of the past.