1. Structural Functionalism: This perspective focuses on the interrelatedness of various social institutions and how they contribute to the overall functioning and stability of society. It emphasizes that each part of society has a specific function that contributes to the whole.

2. Conflict Theory: This theory emphasizes the role of power and inequality in society. It argues that social order is maintained through the domination of certain groups over others. It examines the conflicts between different social classes, genders, and ethnicities.

3. Social Interactionism: This perspective focuses on the role of individual interactions and their impact on society. It emphasizes the construction of meaning through communication and symbolic interaction. It looks at how individuals interpret and give meaning to their social interactions.

4. Feminist Theory: This theory examines gender inequality and the impact of patriarchy on society. It highlights the social, political, and economic oppression faced by women and advocates for gender equality.



1. Psychoanalytic Theory: Developed by Sigmund Freud, this theory focuses on the unconscious mind and the influence of childhood experiences on personality development. It explores the role of the id, ego, and superego in shaping behavior.

2. Behaviorism: This perspective emphasizes observable behavior and the influence of the environment on human actions. It argues that behavior is learned through conditioning processes, such as classical and operant conditioning.

3. Cognitive Theory: This theory emphasizes the role of mental processes, such as thinking, memory, and problem-solving, in understanding human behavior. It examines how individuals perceive, process, and interpret information from their environment.

4. Humanistic Psychology: This perspective focuses on the individual's potential for personal growth, self-actualization, and the pursuit of meaning and fulfillment. It emphasizes the importance of subjective experiences and personal agency in shaping behavior.

5. Social Psychology: This field explores how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social interactions and the social context. It examines topics such as conformity, obedience, attitudes, and group dynamics.

Overall, the major theories and perspectives studied in sociology and psychology in Class 12 Humanities subjects provide frameworks for understanding human behavior, social interactions, and the functioning of society. These theories help students analyze and interpret various social and psychological phenomena, contributing to their overall understanding of the human experience.