Answer:
The correct answer is option C) X-ray diffractometer.

Explanation:
A X-ray diffractometer is a scientific instrument used to analyze the structure of materials by measuring the scattering of X-rays. It is a versatile tool that can be used to analyze all kinds of matters, including solids, liquids, and gases.

Principles of X-ray Diffraction:
X-ray diffraction is based on the principle of constructive interference of X-rays when they interact with the atoms in a crystal lattice. When X-rays pass through a crystal, they are diffracted by the crystal lattice and produce a unique diffraction pattern. By analyzing this diffraction pattern, we can obtain information about the arrangement of atoms in the crystal and determine its crystal structure.

Components of a X-ray Diffractometer:
A typical X-ray diffractometer consists of the following components:

1. X-ray Source: The X-ray source generates a beam of X-rays, typically using a cathode ray tube or an X-ray tube.

2. Collimator: The collimator focuses the X-ray beam into a narrow and parallel beam.

3. Sample Holder: The sample holder holds the material to be analyzed in a fixed position. It allows the X-ray beam to pass through the sample.

4. Goniometer: The goniometer is a mechanical stage that rotates the sample to different angles. By rotating the sample and measuring the intensity of diffracted X-rays at different angles, a diffraction pattern can be obtained.

5. Detector: The detector measures the intensity of diffracted X-rays at different angles. It can be a scintillation detector, a proportional counter, or a solid-state detector.

6. Data Analysis Software: The diffraction pattern obtained from the detector is processed and analyzed using specialized software. This software can determine the crystal structure, identify the presence of specific elements or compounds, and provide other useful information about the sample.

Applications of X-ray Diffractometer:
X-ray diffractometers are widely used in various fields, including materials science, chemistry, geology, and biology. They can be used to analyze the crystallographic structure, phase composition, grain size, and strain distribution in a wide range of materials. X-ray diffraction is particularly useful for studying crystalline materials, such as metals, minerals, ceramics, and polymers.

Conclusion:
In summary, a X-ray diffractometer is a powerful analytical tool used to analyze the structure of materials by measuring the scattering of X-rays. It is widely used in scientific research, quality control, and industrial applications to obtain valuable information about the atomic arrangement and properties of various materials.