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Direction: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below:The world’s largest Northern gannet colony at the Bass Rock, an island off the coast of North Berwick, Scotland has been recently decimated by avian influenza (H5N1) or bird flu. H5N1 has caused unprecedented loss of tens of thousands of birds in the U.K. The annual congregations on breeding grounds quickly turned into a superspreader event as highly pathogenic H5N1 ripped through bird colonies, leaving many lying dead on the beaches or remote islands. The impact of this disease is very serious for bird conservationists. Recently, intra-mammal transmission of H5N1 in captivity in mink farms was recorded, posing a bigger concern in relation to zoonotic potential. In India, the latest major avian flu outbreak in 2020-2021 swept through many States causing mass mortality of wild birds which brought the concerns on the lack of active surveillance to the forefront, and how wetland and waterfowl habitats at the interface of poultry need to be monitored.While the avian flu outbreaks coincide with the peak migratory season leading to post outbreak surveillance and culling, there are also reports of outbreaks in the off-season suggesting endemic transmission within the poultry sector. India is the fastest growing egg producer in the world, but unlike in Europe, poultry birds here are not vaccinated against flu. Furthermore, the farms with a diversity of animals or in the vicinity of nearby wetlands increases the potential for the viruses to undergo reassortment that can potentially generate more virulent strains — H5N1 or H7N9 — which could then infect humans. Despite this potential, there is no active surveillance in the poultry sector. There may be no efficient human-to-human transmission mechanism yet, however, the risk cannot be ruled out as the virus continues to evolve. We need an active and passive year around surveillance network under One Health which connects monitoring of human and animals in a shared environment.Waste water-based Epidemiology or pathogen surveillance has become an integral component of environmental surveillance providing near real-time information on health and community exposure to pathogens. While environmental surveillance is not a new concept and has been used widely for monitoring several pathogens, it offers an excellent tool. Birds infected with avian influenza virus shed large quantities of virus in their faeces, saliva and nasal secretions for about a week. Currently, virus surveillance is reactive and relies on sampling dead birds. Environmental surveillance would be a great non-invasive tool that can be done without disturbing the birds and can be used to obtain both host and viral genetic material. Most importantly, environmental surveillance should be complemented with effective carcass collection and testing, and better biosecurity on poultry farms to improve preparedness and response in the future.Q.Which of the following assumptions made in the main argument of the passage is not accurate?a)The transmission of avian influenza viruses from birds to humans poses a significant risk to human health, especially in regions with a high concentration of poultry farms or wetlands.b)Thorough and comprehensive monitoring of the environment, combined with enhanced biosecurity measures and efficient handling and testing of carcasses, can effectively curb the spread of avian influenza and diminish the threat to human health.c)Avian influenza viruses cannot maintain their viability for prolonged periods in surface water and carcasses.d)Waste water-based epidemiology or pathogen surveillance is a valuable technique for tracking the presence of avian influenza virus in the environment and can complement conventional virus surveillance methods like sampling deceased birds.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? for CLAT 2025 is part of CLAT preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the CLAT exam syllabus. Information about Direction: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below:The world’s largest Northern gannet colony at the Bass Rock, an island off the coast of North Berwick, Scotland has been recently decimated by avian influenza (H5N1) or bird flu. H5N1 has caused unprecedented loss of tens of thousands of birds in the U.K. The annual congregations on breeding grounds quickly turned into a superspreader event as highly pathogenic H5N1 ripped through bird colonies, leaving many lying dead on the beaches or remote islands. The impact of this disease is very serious for bird conservationists. Recently, intra-mammal transmission of H5N1 in captivity in mink farms was recorded, posing a bigger concern in relation to zoonotic potential. In India, the latest major avian flu outbreak in 2020-2021 swept through many States causing mass mortality of wild birds which brought the concerns on the lack of active surveillance to the forefront, and how wetland and waterfowl habitats at the interface of poultry need to be monitored.While the avian flu outbreaks coincide with the peak migratory season leading to post outbreak surveillance and culling, there are also reports of outbreaks in the off-season suggesting endemic transmission within the poultry sector. India is the fastest growing egg producer in the world, but unlike in Europe, poultry birds here are not vaccinated against flu. Furthermore, the farms with a diversity of animals or in the vicinity of nearby wetlands increases the potential for the viruses to undergo reassortment that can potentially generate more virulent strains — H5N1 or H7N9 — which could then infect humans. Despite this potential, there is no active surveillance in the poultry sector. There may be no efficient human-to-human transmission mechanism yet, however, the risk cannot be ruled out as the virus continues to evolve. We need an active and passive year around surveillance network under One Health which connects monitoring of human and animals in a shared environment.Waste water-based Epidemiology or pathogen surveillance has become an integral component of environmental surveillance providing near real-time information on health and community exposure to pathogens. While environmental surveillance is not a new concept and has been used widely for monitoring several pathogens, it offers an excellent tool. Birds infected with avian influenza virus shed large quantities of virus in their faeces, saliva and nasal secretions for about a week. Currently, virus surveillance is reactive and relies on sampling dead birds. Environmental surveillance would be a great non-invasive tool that can be done without disturbing the birds and can be used to obtain both host and viral genetic material. Most importantly, environmental surveillance should be complemented with effective carcass collection and testing, and better biosecurity on poultry farms to improve preparedness and response in the future.Q.Which of the following assumptions made in the main argument of the passage is not accurate?a)The transmission of avian influenza viruses from birds to humans poses a significant risk to human health, especially in regions with a high concentration of poultry farms or wetlands.b)Thorough and comprehensive monitoring of the environment, combined with enhanced biosecurity measures and efficient handling and testing of carcasses, can effectively curb the spread of avian influenza and diminish the threat to human health.c)Avian influenza viruses cannot maintain their viability for prolonged periods in surface water and carcasses.d)Waste water-based epidemiology or pathogen surveillance is a valuable technique for tracking the presence of avian influenza virus in the environment and can complement conventional virus surveillance methods like sampling deceased birds.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for CLAT 2025 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Direction: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below:The world’s largest Northern gannet colony at the Bass Rock, an island off the coast of North Berwick, Scotland has been recently decimated by avian influenza (H5N1) or bird flu. H5N1 has caused unprecedented loss of tens of thousands of birds in the U.K. The annual congregations on breeding grounds quickly turned into a superspreader event as highly pathogenic H5N1 ripped through bird colonies, leaving many lying dead on the beaches or remote islands. The impact of this disease is very serious for bird conservationists. Recently, intra-mammal transmission of H5N1 in captivity in mink farms was recorded, posing a bigger concern in relation to zoonotic potential. In India, the latest major avian flu outbreak in 2020-2021 swept through many States causing mass mortality of wild birds which brought the concerns on the lack of active surveillance to the forefront, and how wetland and waterfowl habitats at the interface of poultry need to be monitored.While the avian flu outbreaks coincide with the peak migratory season leading to post outbreak surveillance and culling, there are also reports of outbreaks in the off-season suggesting endemic transmission within the poultry sector. India is the fastest growing egg producer in the world, but unlike in Europe, poultry birds here are not vaccinated against flu. Furthermore, the farms with a diversity of animals or in the vicinity of nearby wetlands increases the potential for the viruses to undergo reassortment that can potentially generate more virulent strains — H5N1 or H7N9 — which could then infect humans. Despite this potential, there is no active surveillance in the poultry sector. There may be no efficient human-to-human transmission mechanism yet, however, the risk cannot be ruled out as the virus continues to evolve. We need an active and passive year around surveillance network under One Health which connects monitoring of human and animals in a shared environment.Waste water-based Epidemiology or pathogen surveillance has become an integral component of environmental surveillance providing near real-time information on health and community exposure to pathogens. While environmental surveillance is not a new concept and has been used widely for monitoring several pathogens, it offers an excellent tool. Birds infected with avian influenza virus shed large quantities of virus in their faeces, saliva and nasal secretions for about a week. Currently, virus surveillance is reactive and relies on sampling dead birds. Environmental surveillance would be a great non-invasive tool that can be done without disturbing the birds and can be used to obtain both host and viral genetic material. Most importantly, environmental surveillance should be complemented with effective carcass collection and testing, and better biosecurity on poultry farms to improve preparedness and response in the future.Q.Which of the following assumptions made in the main argument of the passage is not accurate?a)The transmission of avian influenza viruses from birds to humans poses a significant risk to human health, especially in regions with a high concentration of poultry farms or wetlands.b)Thorough and comprehensive monitoring of the environment, combined with enhanced biosecurity measures and efficient handling and testing of carcasses, can effectively curb the spread of avian influenza and diminish the threat to human health.c)Avian influenza viruses cannot maintain their viability for prolonged periods in surface water and carcasses.d)Waste water-based epidemiology or pathogen surveillance is a valuable technique for tracking the presence of avian influenza virus in the environment and can complement conventional virus surveillance methods like sampling deceased birds.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?.

Solutions for Direction: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below:The world’s largest Northern gannet colony at the Bass Rock, an island off the coast of North Berwick, Scotland has been recently decimated by avian influenza (H5N1) or bird flu. H5N1 has caused unprecedented loss of tens of thousands of birds in the U.K. The annual congregations on breeding grounds quickly turned into a superspreader event as highly pathogenic H5N1 ripped through bird colonies, leaving many lying dead on the beaches or remote islands. The impact of this disease is very serious for bird conservationists. Recently, intra-mammal transmission of H5N1 in captivity in mink farms was recorded, posing a bigger concern in relation to zoonotic potential. In India, the latest major avian flu outbreak in 2020-2021 swept through many States causing mass mortality of wild birds which brought the concerns on the lack of active surveillance to the forefront, and how wetland and waterfowl habitats at the interface of poultry need to be monitored.While the avian flu outbreaks coincide with the peak migratory season leading to post outbreak surveillance and culling, there are also reports of outbreaks in the off-season suggesting endemic transmission within the poultry sector. India is the fastest growing egg producer in the world, but unlike in Europe, poultry birds here are not vaccinated against flu. Furthermore, the farms with a diversity of animals or in the vicinity of nearby wetlands increases the potential for the viruses to undergo reassortment that can potentially generate more virulent strains — H5N1 or H7N9 — which could then infect humans. Despite this potential, there is no active surveillance in the poultry sector. There may be no efficient human-to-human transmission mechanism yet, however, the risk cannot be ruled out as the virus continues to evolve. We need an active and passive year around surveillance network under One Health which connects monitoring of human and animals in a shared environment.Waste water-based Epidemiology or pathogen surveillance has become an integral component of environmental surveillance providing near real-time information on health and community exposure to pathogens. While environmental surveillance is not a new concept and has been used widely for monitoring several pathogens, it offers an excellent tool. Birds infected with avian influenza virus shed large quantities of virus in their faeces, saliva and nasal secretions for about a week. Currently, virus surveillance is reactive and relies on sampling dead birds. Environmental surveillance would be a great non-invasive tool that can be done without disturbing the birds and can be used to obtain both host and viral genetic material. Most importantly, environmental surveillance should be complemented with effective carcass collection and testing, and better biosecurity on poultry farms to improve preparedness and response in the future.Q.Which of the following assumptions made in the main argument of the passage is not accurate?a)The transmission of avian influenza viruses from birds to humans poses a significant risk to human health, especially in regions with a high concentration of poultry farms or wetlands.b)Thorough and comprehensive monitoring of the environment, combined with enhanced biosecurity measures and efficient handling and testing of carcasses, can effectively curb the spread of avian influenza and diminish the threat to human health.c)Avian influenza viruses cannot maintain their viability for prolonged periods in surface water and carcasses.d)Waste water-based epidemiology or pathogen surveillance is a valuable technique for tracking the presence of avian influenza virus in the environment and can complement conventional virus surveillance methods like sampling deceased birds.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? in English & in Hindi are available as part of our courses for CLAT. Download more important topics, notes, lectures and mock test series for CLAT Exam by signing up for free.

Here you can find the meaning of Direction: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below:The world’s largest Northern gannet colony at the Bass Rock, an island off the coast of North Berwick, Scotland has been recently decimated by avian influenza (H5N1) or bird flu. H5N1 has caused unprecedented loss of tens of thousands of birds in the U.K. The annual congregations on breeding grounds quickly turned into a superspreader event as highly pathogenic H5N1 ripped through bird colonies, leaving many lying dead on the beaches or remote islands. The impact of this disease is very serious for bird conservationists. Recently, intra-mammal transmission of H5N1 in captivity in mink farms was recorded, posing a bigger concern in relation to zoonotic potential. In India, the latest major avian flu outbreak in 2020-2021 swept through many States causing mass mortality of wild birds which brought the concerns on the lack of active surveillance to the forefront, and how wetland and waterfowl habitats at the interface of poultry need to be monitored.While the avian flu outbreaks coincide with the peak migratory season leading to post outbreak surveillance and culling, there are also reports of outbreaks in the off-season suggesting endemic transmission within the poultry sector. India is the fastest growing egg producer in the world, but unlike in Europe, poultry birds here are not vaccinated against flu. Furthermore, the farms with a diversity of animals or in the vicinity of nearby wetlands increases the potential for the viruses to undergo reassortment that can potentially generate more virulent strains — H5N1 or H7N9 — which could then infect humans. Despite this potential, there is no active surveillance in the poultry sector. There may be no efficient human-to-human transmission mechanism yet, however, the risk cannot be ruled out as the virus continues to evolve. We need an active and passive year around surveillance network under One Health which connects monitoring of human and animals in a shared environment.Waste water-based Epidemiology or pathogen surveillance has become an integral component of environmental surveillance providing near real-time information on health and community exposure to pathogens. While environmental surveillance is not a new concept and has been used widely for monitoring several pathogens, it offers an excellent tool. Birds infected with avian influenza virus shed large quantities of virus in their faeces, saliva and nasal secretions for about a week. Currently, virus surveillance is reactive and relies on sampling dead birds. Environmental surveillance would be a great non-invasive tool that can be done without disturbing the birds and can be used to obtain both host and viral genetic material. Most importantly, environmental surveillance should be complemented with effective carcass collection and testing, and better biosecurity on poultry farms to improve preparedness and response in the future.Q.Which of the following assumptions made in the main argument of the passage is not accurate?a)The transmission of avian influenza viruses from birds to humans poses a significant risk to human health, especially in regions with a high concentration of poultry farms or wetlands.b)Thorough and comprehensive monitoring of the environment, combined with enhanced biosecurity measures and efficient handling and testing of carcasses, can effectively curb the spread of avian influenza and diminish the threat to human health.c)Avian influenza viruses cannot maintain their viability for prolonged periods in surface water and carcasses.d)Waste water-based epidemiology or pathogen surveillance is a valuable technique for tracking the presence of avian influenza virus in the environment and can complement conventional virus surveillance methods like sampling deceased birds.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? defined & explained in the simplest way possible. Besides giving the explanation of Direction: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below:The world’s largest Northern gannet colony at the Bass Rock, an island off the coast of North Berwick, Scotland has been recently decimated by avian influenza (H5N1) or bird flu. H5N1 has caused unprecedented loss of tens of thousands of birds in the U.K. The annual congregations on breeding grounds quickly turned into a superspreader event as highly pathogenic H5N1 ripped through bird colonies, leaving many lying dead on the beaches or remote islands. The impact of this disease is very serious for bird conservationists. Recently, intra-mammal transmission of H5N1 in captivity in mink farms was recorded, posing a bigger concern in relation to zoonotic potential. In India, the latest major avian flu outbreak in 2020-2021 swept through many States causing mass mortality of wild birds which brought the concerns on the lack of active surveillance to the forefront, and how wetland and waterfowl habitats at the interface of poultry need to be monitored.While the avian flu outbreaks coincide with the peak migratory season leading to post outbreak surveillance and culling, there are also reports of outbreaks in the off-season suggesting endemic transmission within the poultry sector. India is the fastest growing egg producer in the world, but unlike in Europe, poultry birds here are not vaccinated against flu. Furthermore, the farms with a diversity of animals or in the vicinity of nearby wetlands increases the potential for the viruses to undergo reassortment that can potentially generate more virulent strains — H5N1 or H7N9 — which could then infect humans. Despite this potential, there is no active surveillance in the poultry sector. There may be no efficient human-to-human transmission mechanism yet, however, the risk cannot be ruled out as the virus continues to evolve. We need an active and passive year around surveillance network under One Health which connects monitoring of human and animals in a shared environment.Waste water-based Epidemiology or pathogen surveillance has become an integral component of environmental surveillance providing near real-time information on health and community exposure to pathogens. While environmental surveillance is not a new concept and has been used widely for monitoring several pathogens, it offers an excellent tool. Birds infected with avian influenza virus shed large quantities of virus in their faeces, saliva and nasal secretions for about a week. Currently, virus surveillance is reactive and relies on sampling dead birds. Environmental surveillance would be a great non-invasive tool that can be done without disturbing the birds and can be used to obtain both host and viral genetic material. Most importantly, environmental surveillance should be complemented with effective carcass collection and testing, and better biosecurity on poultry farms to improve preparedness and response in the future.Q.Which of the following assumptions made in the main argument of the passage is not accurate?a)The transmission of avian influenza viruses from birds to humans poses a significant risk to human health, especially in regions with a high concentration of poultry farms or wetlands.b)Thorough and comprehensive monitoring of the environment, combined with enhanced biosecurity measures and efficient handling and testing of carcasses, can effectively curb the spread of avian influenza and diminish the threat to human health.c)Avian influenza viruses cannot maintain their viability for prolonged periods in surface water and carcasses.d)Waste water-based epidemiology or pathogen surveillance is a valuable technique for tracking the presence of avian influenza virus in the environment and can complement conventional virus surveillance methods like sampling deceased birds.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?, a detailed solution for Direction: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below:The world’s largest Northern gannet colony at the Bass Rock, an island off the coast of North Berwick, Scotland has been recently decimated by avian influenza (H5N1) or bird flu. H5N1 has caused unprecedented loss of tens of thousands of birds in the U.K. The annual congregations on breeding grounds quickly turned into a superspreader event as highly pathogenic H5N1 ripped through bird colonies, leaving many lying dead on the beaches or remote islands. The impact of this disease is very serious for bird conservationists. Recently, intra-mammal transmission of H5N1 in captivity in mink farms was recorded, posing a bigger concern in relation to zoonotic potential. In India, the latest major avian flu outbreak in 2020-2021 swept through many States causing mass mortality of wild birds which brought the concerns on the lack of active surveillance to the forefront, and how wetland and waterfowl habitats at the interface of poultry need to be monitored.While the avian flu outbreaks coincide with the peak migratory season leading to post outbreak surveillance and culling, there are also reports of outbreaks in the off-season suggesting endemic transmission within the poultry sector. India is the fastest growing egg producer in the world, but unlike in Europe, poultry birds here are not vaccinated against flu. Furthermore, the farms with a diversity of animals or in the vicinity of nearby wetlands increases the potential for the viruses to undergo reassortment that can potentially generate more virulent strains — H5N1 or H7N9 — which could then infect humans. Despite this potential, there is no active surveillance in the poultry sector. There may be no efficient human-to-human transmission mechanism yet, however, the risk cannot be ruled out as the virus continues to evolve. We need an active and passive year around surveillance network under One Health which connects monitoring of human and animals in a shared environment.Waste water-based Epidemiology or pathogen surveillance has become an integral component of environmental surveillance providing near real-time information on health and community exposure to pathogens. While environmental surveillance is not a new concept and has been used widely for monitoring several pathogens, it offers an excellent tool. Birds infected with avian influenza virus shed large quantities of virus in their faeces, saliva and nasal secretions for about a week. Currently, virus surveillance is reactive and relies on sampling dead birds. Environmental surveillance would be a great non-invasive tool that can be done without disturbing the birds and can be used to obtain both host and viral genetic material. Most importantly, environmental surveillance should be complemented with effective carcass collection and testing, and better biosecurity on poultry farms to improve preparedness and response in the future.Q.Which of the following assumptions made in the main argument of the passage is not accurate?a)The transmission of avian influenza viruses from birds to humans poses a significant risk to human health, especially in regions with a high concentration of poultry farms or wetlands.b)Thorough and comprehensive monitoring of the environment, combined with enhanced biosecurity measures and efficient handling and testing of carcasses, can effectively curb the spread of avian influenza and diminish the threat to human health.c)Avian influenza viruses cannot maintain their viability for prolonged periods in surface water and carcasses.d)Waste water-based epidemiology or pathogen surveillance is a valuable technique for tracking the presence of avian influenza virus in the environment and can complement conventional virus surveillance methods like sampling deceased birds.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? has been provided alongside types of Direction: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below:The world’s largest Northern gannet colony at the Bass Rock, an island off the coast of North Berwick, Scotland has been recently decimated by avian influenza (H5N1) or bird flu. H5N1 has caused unprecedented loss of tens of thousands of birds in the U.K. The annual congregations on breeding grounds quickly turned into a superspreader event as highly pathogenic H5N1 ripped through bird colonies, leaving many lying dead on the beaches or remote islands. The impact of this disease is very serious for bird conservationists. Recently, intra-mammal transmission of H5N1 in captivity in mink farms was recorded, posing a bigger concern in relation to zoonotic potential. In India, the latest major avian flu outbreak in 2020-2021 swept through many States causing mass mortality of wild birds which brought the concerns on the lack of active surveillance to the forefront, and how wetland and waterfowl habitats at the interface of poultry need to be monitored.While the avian flu outbreaks coincide with the peak migratory season leading to post outbreak surveillance and culling, there are also reports of outbreaks in the off-season suggesting endemic transmission within the poultry sector. India is the fastest growing egg producer in the world, but unlike in Europe, poultry birds here are not vaccinated against flu. Furthermore, the farms with a diversity of animals or in the vicinity of nearby wetlands increases the potential for the viruses to undergo reassortment that can potentially generate more virulent strains — H5N1 or H7N9 — which could then infect humans. Despite this potential, there is no active surveillance in the poultry sector. There may be no efficient human-to-human transmission mechanism yet, however, the risk cannot be ruled out as the virus continues to evolve. We need an active and passive year around surveillance network under One Health which connects monitoring of human and animals in a shared environment.Waste water-based Epidemiology or pathogen surveillance has become an integral component of environmental surveillance providing near real-time information on health and community exposure to pathogens. While environmental surveillance is not a new concept and has been used widely for monitoring several pathogens, it offers an excellent tool. Birds infected with avian influenza virus shed large quantities of virus in their faeces, saliva and nasal secretions for about a week. Currently, virus surveillance is reactive and relies on sampling dead birds. Environmental surveillance would be a great non-invasive tool that can be done without disturbing the birds and can be used to obtain both host and viral genetic material. Most importantly, environmental surveillance should be complemented with effective carcass collection and testing, and better biosecurity on poultry farms to improve preparedness and response in the future.Q.Which of the following assumptions made in the main argument of the passage is not accurate?a)The transmission of avian influenza viruses from birds to humans poses a significant risk to human health, especially in regions with a high concentration of poultry farms or wetlands.b)Thorough and comprehensive monitoring of the environment, combined with enhanced biosecurity measures and efficient handling and testing of carcasses, can effectively curb the spread of avian influenza and diminish the threat to human health.c)Avian influenza viruses cannot maintain their viability for prolonged periods in surface water and carcasses.d)Waste water-based epidemiology or pathogen surveillance is a valuable technique for tracking the presence of avian influenza virus in the environment and can complement conventional virus surveillance methods like sampling deceased birds.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? theory, EduRev gives you an ample number of questions to practice Direction: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below:The world’s largest Northern gannet colony at the Bass Rock, an island off the coast of North Berwick, Scotland has been recently decimated by avian influenza (H5N1) or bird flu. H5N1 has caused unprecedented loss of tens of thousands of birds in the U.K. The annual congregations on breeding grounds quickly turned into a superspreader event as highly pathogenic H5N1 ripped through bird colonies, leaving many lying dead on the beaches or remote islands. The impact of this disease is very serious for bird conservationists. Recently, intra-mammal transmission of H5N1 in captivity in mink farms was recorded, posing a bigger concern in relation to zoonotic potential. In India, the latest major avian flu outbreak in 2020-2021 swept through many States causing mass mortality of wild birds which brought the concerns on the lack of active surveillance to the forefront, and how wetland and waterfowl habitats at the interface of poultry need to be monitored.While the avian flu outbreaks coincide with the peak migratory season leading to post outbreak surveillance and culling, there are also reports of outbreaks in the off-season suggesting endemic transmission within the poultry sector. India is the fastest growing egg producer in the world, but unlike in Europe, poultry birds here are not vaccinated against flu. Furthermore, the farms with a diversity of animals or in the vicinity of nearby wetlands increases the potential for the viruses to undergo reassortment that can potentially generate more virulent strains — H5N1 or H7N9 — which could then infect humans. Despite this potential, there is no active surveillance in the poultry sector. There may be no efficient human-to-human transmission mechanism yet, however, the risk cannot be ruled out as the virus continues to evolve. We need an active and passive year around surveillance network under One Health which connects monitoring of human and animals in a shared environment.Waste water-based Epidemiology or pathogen surveillance has become an integral component of environmental surveillance providing near real-time information on health and community exposure to pathogens. While environmental surveillance is not a new concept and has been used widely for monitoring several pathogens, it offers an excellent tool. Birds infected with avian influenza virus shed large quantities of virus in their faeces, saliva and nasal secretions for about a week. Currently, virus surveillance is reactive and relies on sampling dead birds. Environmental surveillance would be a great non-invasive tool that can be done without disturbing the birds and can be used to obtain both host and viral genetic material. Most importantly, environmental surveillance should be complemented with effective carcass collection and testing, and better biosecurity on poultry farms to improve preparedness and response in the future.Q.Which of the following assumptions made in the main argument of the passage is not accurate?a)The transmission of avian influenza viruses from birds to humans poses a significant risk to human health, especially in regions with a high concentration of poultry farms or wetlands.b)Thorough and comprehensive monitoring of the environment, combined with enhanced biosecurity measures and efficient handling and testing of carcasses, can effectively curb the spread of avian influenza and diminish the threat to human health.c)Avian influenza viruses cannot maintain their viability for prolonged periods in surface water and carcasses.d)Waste water-based epidemiology or pathogen surveillance is a valuable technique for tracking the presence of avian influenza virus in the environment and can complement conventional virus surveillance methods like sampling deceased birds.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? tests, examples and also practice CLAT tests.