Rajya Sabha:
- The Rajya Sabha is the upper house of the Parliament of India.
- It represents the states and union territories of India.
- It consists of a maximum of 250 members, out of which 238 members are elected by the members of the State Legislative Assemblies and Union Territory Legislatures.
- The President of India nominates 12 members to the Rajya Sabha who have expertise in various fields like arts, literature, science, and social services.
- The Vice President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

Functions of Rajya Sabha:
1. Legislative Functions:
- The Rajya Sabha has equal powers with the Lok Sabha in the enactment of laws on subjects included in the Union List.
- It can initiate and pass bills on any subject except those related to money matters.
- It can also suggest amendments to bills initiated in the Lok Sabha.

2. Representation of States:
- The Rajya Sabha provides representation to the states and union territories of India.
- It ensures that the interests of the states and union territories are protected and their views are taken into consideration during the legislative process.

3. Reviewing and Evaluating Legislation:
- The Rajya Sabha plays a crucial role in reviewing and evaluating the legislation passed by the Lok Sabha.
- It examines bills thoroughly, highlights any loopholes or concerns, and suggests amendments if necessary.

4. Protecting the Interests of States:
- The Rajya Sabha serves as a platform for the states to voice their concerns and protect their interests.
- It acts as a check on the Lok Sabha by preventing hasty or biased legislation that may be detrimental to the interests of states or certain sections of society.

5. Representing the Federal Character of India:
- The Rajya Sabha represents the federal character of India by providing equal representation to all states and union territories.
- It ensures that no single state or region dominates the legislative process and decisions are taken in a democratic and inclusive manner.

Lok Sabha:
- The Lok Sabha is the lower house of the Parliament of India.
- It represents the people of India and consists of members directly elected by the public through general elections.
- The Lok Sabha has a total of 545 members, out of which 543 members are elected from territorial constituencies and 2 members are nominated by the President of India from the Anglo-Indian community.

Functions of Lok Sabha:
1. Legislative Functions:
- The Lok Sabha is primarily responsible for the enactment of laws.
- It can initiate and pass bills on any subject, including money bills.
- Most legislative proposals are introduced in the Lok Sabha and it has the final say in the passage of bills.

2. Formation of the Government:
- The Lok Sabha plays a crucial role in the formation of the government.
- The party or coalition of parties that commands the majority in the Lok Sabha forms the government and the Prime Minister is appointed by the President based on the majority support in the Lok Sabha.

3. Control Over Executive:
- The Lok Sabha exercises control over the executive branch of the government.
- Members of the Lok Sabha can question the government, debate policies, and hold it accountable for its actions.
- The government is required to seek the approval of the Lok Sabha for its policies and decisions.

4. Financial Powers:
- The Lok Sabha has the exclusive power to approve or reject the budget proposals of the government.
- It scrutinizes