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Which of the following mechanisms have been formulated under the Kyoto Protocol?
1. Clean Development Mechanism
2. Joint Implementation
3. Intended Nationally Determined Contributions
4. International Emission Trading
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
- a)1 and 2 only
- b)1, 2, 3 and 4
- c)1, 2 and 4 only
- d)3 and 4 only
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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Which of the following mechanisms have been formulated under the Kyoto...
- The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement made under the UNFCCC. Countries that ratify this protocol commit to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases (Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Sulphur Hexafluoride, Hydrofluorocarbons and Perfluorocarbons), or engage in emissions trading if they maintain or increase emissions of these gases.
- Under the protocol, Governments are separated into two general categories: countries among the developed nations, referred to as Annex 1 countries (who have accepted GHG emission reduction obligations and must submit an annual greenhouse gas inventory); and countries among developing or least developed nations, referred to as Non-Annex 1 countries (who have no GHG emission reduction obligations but may participate in the Clean Development Mechanism).
- The Kyoto Protocol introduced three mechanisms in order to achieve its goals: the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Joint Implementation (JI), and Emissions Trading (ET).
- The CDM allows countries with commitments under the Kyoto Protocol to invest in emission- reduction projects in developing countries. These projects can involve, for example, a rural electrification project using solar panels or the installation of more energy-efficient boilers. Hence option 1 is correct.
- JI mechanism allows a country with a Kyoto Protocol emission reduction target to invest in a project to reduce emissions in any other country with a commitment (as opposed to a developing country). Hence option 2 is correct.
- The Emissions Trading (The International Emission Trading) scheme under the Kyoto Protocol set up a platform where carbon units, or units generated by projects registered under the JI or the CDM, or from removals through forestry activities, can be exchanged, i.e. sold and purchased, according to a country’s needs. The scheme made carbon a commodity and created a carbon market. Hence option 4 is correct.
- Nationally determined contributions (NDCs) are at the heart of the Paris Agreement and the achievement of its long-term goals. NDCs embody efforts by each country to reduce national emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change. Article 4 of the Paris Agreement requires each party to prepare, communicate and maintain successive nationally determined contributions (NDCs) that it intends to achieve. Parties shall pursue domestic mitigation measures, with the aim of achieving the objectives of such contributions. Hence, INDCs are not the market mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol. Hence option 3 is not correct.
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Which of the following mechanisms have been formulated under the Kyoto...
Under the Kyoto Protocol, the following mechanisms have been formulated:
1. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM):
- CDM allows developed countries to invest in emission reduction projects in developing countries as an alternative to more expensive emission reductions in their own countries.
- It helps developing countries achieve sustainable development and contribute to the global fight against climate change.
2. Joint Implementation (JI):
- JI enables developed countries to earn emission reduction units (ERUs) by investing in emission reduction projects in other developed countries.
- This mechanism aims to promote cost-effective emission reductions and technology transfer between developed countries.
3. International Emission Trading:
- This mechanism allows countries with excess emissions units to sell them to countries that have exceeded their emission targets.
- It provides flexibility for countries to meet their emission reduction targets and encourages cooperation and cost-effectiveness in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) are not a mechanism formulated under the Kyoto Protocol.
- INDCs are pledges made by countries under the Paris Agreement to outline their post-2020 climate actions and targets.
Therefore, the correct answer is option C: 1, 2, and 4 only.
1. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM):
- CDM allows developed countries to invest in emission reduction projects in developing countries as an alternative to more expensive emission reductions in their own countries.
- It helps developing countries achieve sustainable development and contribute to the global fight against climate change.
2. Joint Implementation (JI):
- JI enables developed countries to earn emission reduction units (ERUs) by investing in emission reduction projects in other developed countries.
- This mechanism aims to promote cost-effective emission reductions and technology transfer between developed countries.
3. International Emission Trading:
- This mechanism allows countries with excess emissions units to sell them to countries that have exceeded their emission targets.
- It provides flexibility for countries to meet their emission reduction targets and encourages cooperation and cost-effectiveness in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) are not a mechanism formulated under the Kyoto Protocol.
- INDCs are pledges made by countries under the Paris Agreement to outline their post-2020 climate actions and targets.
Therefore, the correct answer is option C: 1, 2, and 4 only.
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