Puhar or Kaviripattinam was a great custom port and artificial harbour located on the east coast of Tamil Nadu, India. It was one of the most important ports on the ancient Silk Road trade route and played a significant role in the maritime trade of the Indian Ocean.

History:
Puhar or Kaviripattinam was a thriving port city in the Sangam period of Tamil Nadu (3rd century BCE to 4th century CE). It was a part of the Chola kingdom and was known for its trade relations with the Roman Empire, China, and Southeast Asia. The port was also a center for the pearl trade and was known for its shipbuilding industry.

Features:
Puhar or Kaviripattinam was an artificial port built on the mouth of the Kaveri river. It had a complex system of canals and sluices that regulated the flow of water and prevented the entry of sand into the port. The port had a large dockyard, warehouses, and customs offices. It was also equipped with lighthouses and signal towers for navigation and communication.

Trade:
Puhar or Kaviripattinam was a hub of international trade and commerce. It was a major center for the export of textiles, spices, pearls, and precious stones. The port also imported luxury goods such as silk, perfumes, and wine from the Roman Empire. The trade relations between Puhar or Kaviripattinam and the Roman Empire are recorded in the Tamil epic Silappatikaram.

Decline:
The decline of Puhar or Kaviripattinam began in the 4th century CE due to the shifting of the Kaveri river delta. The port was abandoned and the city was slowly submerged under the sea. The ruins of Puhar or Kaviripattinam were rediscovered in the 19th century by British archaeologists.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, Puhar or Kaviripattinam was a great custom port and artificial harbor that played a significant role in the maritime trade of the Indian Ocean. It was a hub of international commerce and a center of cultural exchange. The port was an engineering marvel of its time and its legacy continues to inspire us today.