How vaccines are made?
Vaccines are crucial in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. The process of making vaccines involves several steps to ensure their safety and effectiveness.

Identification of the pathogen:
- The first step in making a vaccine is identifying the pathogen that causes the disease. This could be a virus, bacteria, or other microorganisms.

Isolation of antigen:
- Once the pathogen is identified, scientists isolate the antigen, which is a part of the pathogen that triggers the immune response. This antigen is what the vaccine will target.

Creation of vaccine:
- The isolated antigen is then used to create the vaccine. Depending on the type of vaccine, different methods such as inactivating the pathogen, using a weakened form of the pathogen, or using a piece of the pathogen are employed.

Testing:
- Before a vaccine can be approved for use, extensive testing is done to ensure its safety and efficacy. This includes testing in animals and then in humans through clinical trials.

Production:
- Once a vaccine is proven to be safe and effective, it goes into production. Large quantities of the vaccine are manufactured to be distributed to the public.

Distribution:
- The final step is distributing the vaccine to healthcare providers and the public. This involves proper storage and transportation to ensure the vaccine remains effective.