Mauryan Art and Architecture:
The Mauryan period (322-185 BCE) saw significant developments in art and architecture in ancient India. Some key features of Mauryan art and architecture are:
- **Pillars**: The Mauryan rulers, particularly Ashoka, erected monumental pillars across their empire. These pillars were made of polished sandstone and featured inscriptions and carvings, such as the famous Lion Capital at Sarnath.
- **Stupas**: The Mauryan period saw the emergence of stupas, large hemispherical structures containing relics of the Buddha. The most famous stupa from this period is the Great Stupa at Sanchi.
- **Rock-cut architecture**: Mauryan rulers also commissioned rock-cut caves, such as the Barabar Caves in Bihar. These caves were used by ascetics and monks for meditation and religious activities.

Gupta Art and Architecture:
The Gupta period (4th-6th century CE) is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of ancient Indian art and architecture. Some key features of Gupta art and architecture are:
- **Temple architecture**: The Gupta period witnessed the development of Hindu temple architecture. Temples were built using stone and brick, with intricate carvings and elaborate sculptures of deities.
- **Sculpture**: Gupta period sculptures are known for their naturalistic and graceful depiction of human figures. The sculptures at the caves of Ajanta and Ellora are prime examples of Gupta artistry.
- **Mathura school**: The Gupta period saw the flourishing of the Mathura school of art, known for its sculptures of the Buddha, Bodhisattvas, and Hindu deities. These sculptures were characterized by soft contours and delicate features.
In conclusion, while Mauryan art and architecture focused on monumental pillars, stupas, and rock-cut caves, Gupta art and architecture excelled in temple architecture, sculpture, and the Mathura school of art. Both periods made significant contributions to the rich artistic heritage of ancient India.