Traditional Security Concerns
India faces several traditional security challenges primarily stemming from geopolitical tensions and territorial disputes.
- **Territorial Disputes**:
- The ongoing conflict with Pakistan over Kashmir remains a significant issue, leading to military confrontations and diplomatic tensions.
- **China Relations**:
- The border disputes with China, highlighted by the 2020 Galwan clash, pose risks to national security and regional stability.
- **Terrorism**:
- Domestic and cross-border terrorism, particularly from groups based in Pakistan, continues to threaten the safety of citizens and the integrity of the state.

Non-Traditional Security Concerns
In addition to traditional threats, India grapples with various non-traditional security issues that can impact its stability and growth.
- **Cybersecurity Threats**:
- Increasing cyberattacks from state and non-state actors target critical infrastructure, financial systems, and government databases, compromising national security.
- **Climate Change**:
- Issues like extreme weather, rising sea levels, and resource scarcity lead to displacement and conflict, affecting food and water security.
- **Pandemics**:
- The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted vulnerabilities in public health systems and the need for effective responses to global health crises.

Conclusion
India's security landscape is multifaceted, requiring a comprehensive approach to address both traditional and non-traditional threats. Collaboration with international partners and investment in technology and infrastructure are essential for enhancing national security.