Difference between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are the two primary types of cells that form the basis of life on Earth. Here’s a detailed comparison:
Cell Structure
- Prokaryotic Cells:
- Lack a defined nucleus; genetic material is located in the nucleoid region.
- Generally smaller in size (0.1 to 5.0 micrometers).
- Have a simple structure, typically unicellular.
- Eukaryotic Cells:
- Possess a defined nucleus containing genetic material.
- Larger in size (10 to 100 micrometers).
- Complex structure; can be unicellular or multicellular.
Organelles
- Prokaryotic Cells:
- Lack membrane-bound organelles.
- Ribosomes are smaller (70S) and scattered throughout the cytoplasm.
- Eukaryotic Cells:
- Contain numerous membrane-bound organelles (e.g., mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum).
- Ribosomes are larger (80S) and can be found in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Reproduction
- Prokaryotic Cells:
- Reproduce asexually through binary fission.
- Eukaryotic Cells:
- Reproduce sexually or asexually, often through mitosis or meiosis.
Genetic Material
- Prokaryotic Cells:
- Have a single circular chromosome.
- May contain plasmids (small circular DNA).
- Eukaryotic Cells:
- Have multiple linear chromosomes.
- DNA is associated with histone proteins.
Cell Wall
- Prokaryotic Cells:
- Typically have a rigid cell wall composed of peptidoglycan (bacteria).
- Eukaryotic Cells:
- Plant cells have a cell wall made of cellulose; fungi have chitin.
Understanding these differences is crucial in cellular biology, genetics, and various applications in biotechnology and medicine.