Carbonisation means the conversion of an organic substance into carbon.

What is Carbonisation?
Carbonisation is the process of converting organic materials into carbon-rich solids through the application of heat in the absence of oxygen. This process is fundamental in producing charcoal, activated carbon, and other carbonaceous materials used in various industries.
Stages of Carbonisation
1. Heating
- Organic material (wood, biomass, or coal) is subjected to high temperatures (300-700°C).
- Heating occurs in a controlled environment to prevent combustion.
2. Decomposition
- Chemical bonds break down, leading to the release of volatile compounds (water vapor, gases like methane, and tar).
- This stage results in the formation of carbon-rich char.
3. Char Formation
- The remaining solid mass primarily consists of carbon.
- The carbon content increases as more volatiles are expelled.
4. Cooling
- The char is cooled to stabilize the material and prevent further reactions.
- The cooling process can occur in the same chamber or in a separate unit.
Products of Carbonisation
- Charcoal
- Primarily used as a fuel source for cooking and heating.
- Activated Carbon
- Used in filtration, purification, and adsorption processes due to its high surface area.
- Tar and Oils
- By-products that can be refined for use in various chemical processes.
Applications of Carbonisation
- Energy Production
- Charcoal and biochar serve as renewable energy sources.
- Soil Amendment
- Biochar enhances soil properties and carbon sequestration.
- Chemical Feedstock
- Raw materials for the production of chemicals and materials in industry.
Understanding carbonisation is essential for harnessing its benefits in sustainable energy and material production.