Introduction:
Caste has been a prominent social institution in India since ancient times. It has evolved over centuries and continues to have a significant impact on Indian society. To understand the comparison between caste in the ancient past and present society in India, we need to examine its historical development and the changes that have occurred over time.

Ancient Caste System:
In ancient India, the caste system was primarily based on occupation and hereditary divisions. Society was divided into four major varnas or castes: Brahmins (priests and scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants and farmers), and Shudras (laborers and servants). Each varna had specific duties and responsibilities, and inter-caste marriages or social mobility were generally not allowed.

Key Points:
- Ancient caste system based on occupation and hereditary divisions
- Four major varnas: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras
- Limited social mobility and inter-caste marriages

Caste in Present Society:
In present-day India, the caste system still exists, although it has undergone significant changes. While the four varnas still exist in theory, the caste system has become more complex and stratified. Numerous sub-castes, known as jatis, have emerged, further dividing society. These jatis are often associated with specific occupations and have their own social hierarchies.

Key Points:
- Present-day caste system is more complex and stratified
- Emergence of numerous sub-castes or jatis
- Jatis often associated with specific occupations

Changes and Challenges:
Over time, the caste system has faced criticism and challenges. Efforts have been made to promote social equality and uplift the lower castes through affirmative action policies such as reservations in education and employment. However, discrimination and social exclusion based on caste continue to persist in many parts of India.

Key Points:
- Efforts to promote social equality through affirmative action
- Discrimination and social exclusion still prevalent

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the caste system in India has evolved from its ancient form to a more complex and stratified system in the present society. While the four varnas still exist in theory, the emergence of numerous sub-castes has further divided society. Efforts have been made to address the challenges posed by the caste system, but discrimination and social exclusion based on caste persist. Understanding the evolution and impact of caste in India is crucial for addressing social inequalities and promoting a more inclusive society.