Causes of the French Revolution in 1789

The outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 was the result of a combination of political, social, and economic factors that had been building up over several decades. These factors created a volatile atmosphere in France, leading to widespread discontent among the population.

1. Economic Crisis:
- France was burdened with a massive public debt due to years of war and extravagant spending by the monarchy.
- The financial crisis was exacerbated by a regressive tax system that burdened the poor and the middle class, while exempting the nobility and clergy.
- The high cost of living and rampant food shortages further fueled discontent among the masses.

2. Social Inequality and Unfair Privileges:
- The French society was deeply divided into three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners.
- The First and Second Estates enjoyed numerous privileges, including exemption from taxes, and held a monopoly on political power and land ownership.
- The Third Estate, representing the majority of the population, was burdened with heavy taxes and lacked political representation.

3. Enlightenment Ideas:
- Intellectuals of the Enlightenment had spread new ideas about individual rights, liberty, and equality.
- These ideas challenged the traditional authority of the monarchy and the Church, promoting the concept of a representative government.
- The writings of philosophers like Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu inspired the people to question the existing social and political order.

4. Weak Leadership:
- King Louis XVI, who ascended the throne in 1774, was indecisive and lacked the ability to effectively address the growing unrest in the country.
- The queen, Marie Antoinette, was unpopular and seen as a symbol of extravagance and disregard for the suffering of the people.
- Their poor leadership and inability to implement necessary reforms further contributed to the deteriorating situation.

5. Enlightenment of the Bourgeoisie:
- The French bourgeoisie, consisting of the educated middle class, had gained wealth and influence through trade and commerce.
- They resented their exclusion from political power and sought greater representation and influence in decision-making.
- The bourgeoisie became key supporters of the revolution, as they desired a more liberal and meritocratic society.

Overall, the French Revolution of 1789 was a result of a perfect storm of economic crisis, social inequality, political corruption, enlightenment ideas, weak leadership, and the aspirations of the bourgeoisie. These factors converged to create an explosive situation that ultimately led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the beginning of a new era in French history.

A meeting was called by the ruler (louis 16) for the proposal to increase taxes. The representatives of 3rd estate put forward their need to make a constitution which was reject ed