Nitration of benzene is:a)Free radical substitution reactionb)Nucleophilic addition reactionc)Nucleophilic substitution reactiond)Electrophilic substitution reactionCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Question

Answer

Yes d is the answer because benzene has pie bond and then there can be resonance and then the bond will break and give lone pair and then the substrate will add ther

Answer

Nitration of benzene is electrophilic aromatic substitution because NO2+ electrophile substitutes H of a pi bond, which is a nucleophilic centre.

Answer

Electrophilic substitution reactions involve the replacement of a hydrogen atom in a molecule with an electrophile. The nitration of benzene is a specific example of an electrophilic substitution reaction.

Explanation:
The nitration of benzene involves the reaction of benzene with a nitronium ion (NO2+), which acts as an electrophile. This reaction is carried out in the presence of a strong acid, usually concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4), which serves as a catalyst.

Here is a detailed explanation of the steps involved in the nitration of benzene:

1. Generation of the electrophile:
Concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) reacts with nitric acid (HNO3) to form a nitronium ion (NO2+). The reaction can be represented as follows:
H2SO4 + HNO3 ⟶ HSO4- + NO2+ + H2O

2. Attack of the electrophile on benzene:
The nitronium ion (NO2+) acts as an electrophile and is attracted to the pi electrons of the benzene ring. One of the pi electrons from the benzene ring forms a bond with the nitronium ion, resulting in the formation of a sigma complex.
Benzene + NO2+ ⟶ Sigma complex

3. Loss of a proton:
The sigma complex formed in the previous step is unstable and quickly loses a proton (H+) to regenerate the aromaticity of the benzene ring.
Sigma complex ⟶ Benzene + H+

4. Regeneration of the catalyst:
The sulfuric acid (HSO4-) that was generated in the first step is used to regenerate the catalyst by reacting with water. This step allows the reaction to proceed in a cyclic manner.
HSO4- + H2O ⟶ H2SO4 + OH-

Overall reaction:
Benzene + HNO3 ⟶ Nitrobenzene + H2O

In conclusion, the nitration of benzene is an electrophilic substitution reaction because it involves the replacement of a hydrogen atom in benzene with an electrophile (the nitronium ion).

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