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Class 12 Exam  >  Class 12 Questions  >  In the nucleophilic substitution reaction in ... Start Learning for Free
 In the nucleophilic substitution reaction in alkyl halides (R-X) , the nucleophile replaces:
  • a)
    Carbocation
  • b)
    Carbon atom of the C-X bond
  • c)
    Carbanion
  • d)
    Halide ion
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
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In the nucleophilic substitution reaction in alkyl halides (R-X) , the...
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In the nucleophilic substitution reaction in alkyl halides (R-X) , the...
Nucleophilic substitution reaction in alkyl halides (R-X) involves the replacement of halide ion (X) by a nucleophile. This reaction usually occurs through a two-step mechanism, which involves the formation of a carbocation intermediate.

The nucleophile attacks the carbocation intermediate and replaces the halide ion, resulting in the formation of a new compound. The mechanism of the reaction depends on the nature of the nucleophile and the substrate.

The correct answer to the question is option 'D', which states that the nucleophile replaces the halide ion in the reaction. This is because the halide ion is the leaving group in the reaction, which is replaced by the incoming nucleophile.

The mechanism of the nucleophilic substitution reaction can be explained in the following steps:

1. Formation of carbocation intermediate: The alkyl halide (R-X) undergoes heterolytic cleavage to form a carbocation intermediate and a halide ion.

R-X → R+ + X-

2. Attack by nucleophile: The nucleophile attacks the carbocation intermediate and forms a new bond with the carbon atom.

Nuc: + R+ → R-Nuc

3. Deprotonation: The final step involves the removal of a proton from the newly formed compound to regenerate the neutral product.

R-Nuc → R-NucH+ → R-Nuc + H+

In conclusion, the nucleophile replaces the halide ion in the nucleophilic substitution reaction in alkyl halides. This reaction is an important mechanism in organic chemistry, and it has many applications in the synthesis of various organic compounds.
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In the nucleophilic substitution reaction in alkyl halides (R-X) , the...
The nucleophilic substitution reaction substitutes nucleophile in molecule thus formation of carbanion is not possible, the CX bond is polar as carbon is partially positive and x is partially negative thus nucleophile is replaced by nucleophile that is with x thus carbcation is formed in between mechanism after removal of x thus nucleophile replaces halide ion .
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Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:Nucleophilic substitution reaction of haloalkane can be conducted according to both SN1 and SN2 mechanisms. However, which mechanism it is based on is related to such factors as the structure of haloalkane, and properties of leaving group, nucleophilic reagent and solvent. Influences of halogen: No matter which mechanism the nucleophilic substitution reaction is based on, the leaving group always leave the central carbon atom with electron pair. This is just the opposite of the situation that nucleophilic reagent attacks the central carbon atom with electron pair. Therefore, the weaker the alkalinity of leaving group is , the more stable the anion formed is and it will be more easier for the leaving group to leave the central carbon atom; that is to say, the reactant is more easier to be substituted. The alkalinity order of halogen ion is I− < Br− < Cl− < F− and the order of their leaving tendency should be I− > Br− > Cl− > F−. Therefore, in four halides with the same alkyl and different halogens, the order of substitution reaction rate is RI > RBr > RCl > RF. In addition, if the leaving group is very easy to leave, many carbocation intermediates are generated in the reaction and the reaction is based on SN1 mechanism. If the leaving group is not easy to leave, the reaction is based on SN2 mechanism. Influences of solvent polarity: In SN1 reaction, the polarity of the system increases from the reactant to the transition state, because polar solvent has a greater stabilizing effect on the transition state than the reactant, thereby reduce activation energy and accelerate the reaction. In SN2 reaction, the polarity of the system generally does not change from the reactant to the transition state and only charge dispersion occurs. At this time, polar solvent has a great stabilizing effect on Nu than the transition state, thereby increasing activation energy and slow down the reaction rate. For example, the decomposition rate (SN1) of tertiary chlorobutane in 25° water (dielectric constant 79) is 300000 times faster than in ethanol (dielectric constant 24). The reaction rate (SN2) of 2-bromopropane and NaOH in ethanol containing 40% water is twice slower than in absolute ethanol. In a word, the level of solvent polarity has influence on both SN1 and SN2 reactions, but with different results. Generally speaking, weak polar solvent is favorable for SN2 reaction, while strong polar solvent is favorable for SN1 reaction, because only under the action of polar solvent can halogenated hydrocarbon dissociate into carbocation and halogen ion and solvents with a strong polarity is favorable for solvation of carbocation, increasing its stability. Generally speaking, the substitution reaction of tertiary haloalkane is based on SN1 mechanism in solvents with a strong polarity (for example, ethanol containing water).Q. Polar solvents make the reaction faster as they

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In the nucleophilic substitution reaction in alkyl halides (R-X) , the nucleophile replaces:a)Carbocationb)Carbon atom of the C-X bondc)Carbaniond)Halide ionCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
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