Primitive Substance Farming:

Primitive substance farming, also known as subsistence farming, is a traditional agricultural practice that involves the cultivation of crops and the rearing of animals for the sole purpose of feeding oneself and one's family. This type of farming is typically practiced in rural areas with limited access to modern technologies and resources. Here are the key characteristics of primitive substance farming:

1. Size of the farm:
- Primitive substance farming is usually carried out on small plots of land, often less than a hectare in size.
- The size of the farm is limited due to the lack of machinery and labor available for cultivation.

2. Techniques and tools:
- Traditional farming techniques and simple tools are used in primitive substance farming.
- Hand tools such as hoes, sickles, and spades are commonly used for tilling, weeding, and harvesting.
- Irrigation systems are minimal or absent, relying mainly on natural rainfall.

3. Crop diversity:
- Multiple crops are cultivated in small quantities to ensure food security and a varied diet.
- Farmers grow staple crops like rice, wheat, maize, or millets that can sustain their families throughout the year.
- Cash crops are rarely grown as the focus is primarily on meeting subsistence needs.

4. Dependence on nature:
- Primitive substance farming heavily depends on natural conditions, such as rainfall and temperature.
- Farmers are vulnerable to changes in weather patterns, which can directly impact crop productivity and overall food availability.

Intensive Subsistence Farming:

Intensive subsistence farming is a more advanced form of subsistence farming that involves the intensive use of labor, fertilizers, and high-yielding crop varieties to maximize output on limited land. Here are the key characteristics of intensive subsistence farming:

1. Size of the farm:
- Intensive subsistence farming is typically practiced on small to medium-sized farms.
- The size of the farm is relatively larger than primitive substance farming, allowing for more efficient land utilization.

2. Techniques and tools:
- Modern farming techniques are employed, including the use of machinery for plowing, sowing, and harvesting.
- Chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides are used to enhance crop yields and control pests and diseases.
- Irrigation systems are often developed to ensure a constant water supply.

3. Crop specialization:
- Farmers focus on growing high-yielding crops that have a higher market value.
- Cash crops like cotton, coffee, tea, or vegetables are often cultivated for commercial purposes.
- The emphasis is on maximizing productivity and profits rather than solely meeting subsistence needs.

4. Dependence on modern inputs:
- Intensive subsistence farming relies on modern inputs, such as improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation systems.
- Farmers invest in technology and knowledge to increase crop production and reduce risks associated with natural conditions.

Conclusion:

In summary, primitive substance farming is characterized by small-scale farming, traditional techniques, and limited reliance on modern inputs. On the other hand, intensive subsistence farming involves larger farms, modern techniques, and a greater emphasis on maximizing productivity and profits. While both forms of farming aim to meet subsistence needs, intensive subsistence farming has a greater potential for commercialization and increased agricultural productivity.