Introduction:

Artifacts play a crucial role in identifying social differences among the Harappans, an ancient civilization that existed in the Indus Valley around 2600 to 1900 BCE. These artifacts provide valuable insights into the social, economic, and cultural aspects of the Harappan society. By studying these artifacts, archaeologists and researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the social stratification, division of labor, and lifestyle of the Harappans.

1. Pottery:
Pottery is one of the most abundant artifacts found at Harappan sites. The variation in pottery styles, shapes, and decorations provides important clues about the social differences among the Harappans. The presence of different types of pottery vessels, such as large storage jars, drinking cups, and cooking pots, suggests a division of labor based on gender and social status. The presence of finely crafted and elaborately decorated pottery indicates the existence of an elite class within the society who had access to more resources and skilled artisans.

2. Jewelry and Ornaments:
The presence of jewelry and ornaments made from precious metals and gemstones also indicates social differences among the Harappans. Excavations have uncovered intricate gold and silver jewelry, including necklaces, bracelets, and earrings, which were likely worn by the elite class. The use of such precious materials suggests a higher social status and wealth. On the other hand, simpler ornaments made from materials like terracotta or shell were probably worn by the common people.

3. Architecture:
The architecture of Harappan cities and buildings provides insights into the social organization and hierarchy. The presence of well-planned and sophisticated urban centers with large public structures, such as the Great Bath and the Granary, suggests the existence of a centralized authority or ruling class. The size and layout of individual houses also vary, indicating different levels of wealth and social status among the Harappans.

4. Seals and Script:
The discovery of seals and script at Harappan sites has been instrumental in understanding the social structure and administrative system of the civilization. The presence of seals with distinct motifs and inscriptions suggests the existence of a system of ownership and trade. The ability to produce and own seals was likely restricted to a certain segment of the society, indicating social stratification based on economic power and control.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, artifacts such as pottery, jewelry, architecture, and seals provide valuable evidence for identifying social differences among the Harappans. These artifacts reflect variations in material culture, craft skills, wealth, and access to resources, indicating a complex social hierarchy within the civilization. Through the analysis of these artifacts, researchers can reconstruct the social dynamics and organization of the Harappan society.